System and method for exchanging information among exchange applications

ABSTRACT

In a system and method for performing message-based business processes among a plurality of applications, a gateway message is received at the gateway, the gateway message including a gateway message header and a payload, the gateway message header including a routing slip block providing a template of a complex transaction in which the gateway message is participating, the complex transaction comprising one or more simple transactions performed in a defined order. A copy of the received gateway message is persisted in a data store in the gateway. The gateway executes at least one simple transaction in accordance with the template in the routing slip in the received gateway message and persists a copy of the gateway message, after executing the at least one simple transaction, in the data store.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/741,046, filed Dec. 1, 2005, the disclosure of which has beenincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to communication systems and,more particularly, to a system and method for exchanging informationamong remote exchange applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With the continued growth and expansion of computer technology andcomputer networks, such as the Internet, many companies are attemptingto capitalize on the ability to perform automated electronictransactions or other automated functions with other companies as partof their daily and on-going businesses processes and businessmanagement. A computerized business transaction is a domain specific,distributed application that involves the sending and receiving ofinformation that can be part of a multiple-enterprise business process.The information exchanges in a business transaction are contained instandardized and self-defined messages. Software applications in anenterprise create and process messages in preparation for sending themand process the messages after they have been received. In some cases,it can appear that human beings do the processing, such as ordering awidget online, and the like. However, since those individuals mustinteract through an application, say, for example, a browser, it isconsidered that an “application” is doing the processing.

Business transactions can be as simple as the one-way transmission ofinformation, for example, a payment from an accounts payable applicationin Corporation A to an accounts receivable application in Corporation B.The business transactions can be as complicated as a multi-steptransaction that involves many players and include manysub-transactions, for example, the cross-border settlement of a stockpurchase that could involve over a dozen players. Also, businesstransactions can span a very short time interval, for example, aRequest/Response interaction that approves the use of a credit card, orcan literally span days or months, for example, the settlement of aninsurance claim.

However, companies face numerous challenges to automatingmulti-enterprise electronic transactions. Generally, each company willhave a private computer network and use a proprietary data format forconducting various types of transactions. Consequently, there is nocommon data format that would allow each of these companies to easilyshare information for automatically conducting such electronictransactions. Accordingly, disparate client information technologyenvironments can generate excessive custom integration costs.Additionally, it can be exceedingly difficult to enforce a consistenttransaction process across multiple independent companies, particularlywhen each company uses a different transaction process and differentdata formats for a given transaction. The high cost of integration canlimit market penetration of such solutions. If gateway messages passedbetween companies are not valid, there can be a significant loss in timeand money, and a concomitant increase in liability, for these companiesto diagnose and repair the invalid gateway messages. As a result,modifying the management and transaction systems of companies to supportmulti-enterprise electronic transaction can be extremely costly anddifficult to implement. Such problems and difficulties increase quicklyas the client population grows to large numbers.

Therefore, there is a need for a system that greatly simplifies thedevelopment process for building inter-corporate automated exchanges.Such a system would minimize changes to each client's environment andwould operate with each company's data formats and existing products.Such a system would provide the capability to manage message creation,consistency, data validation, and security, and allow the ability toaudit and non-repudiate transactions. Such a system would also enableeach client to maintain their proprietary environment independent of theexchange application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the invention, in a system and method forperforming message-based business processes among a plurality ofapplications, configuration data is stored in a data store in a gateway,the configuration data including information defining one or more simpletransactions that can be performed by the gateway. A gateway message isreceived at the gateway, the gateway message including a gateway messageheader and a payload, the gateway message header including a routingslip block providing a template of a complex transaction in which thegateway message is participating, the complex transaction comprising oneor more simple transactions performed in a defined order. The gatewayexecutes at least one simple transaction in accordance with the templatein the routing slip and the configuration data defining the one or moresimple transactions.

Further features, aspects and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the detailed description of preferred embodimentsthat follows, when considered together with the accompanying figures ofdrawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating system for system for communicatingmessages, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a gateway, in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a gateway message, in accordance withan exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a one-step transaction using an activity diagram, inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a one-step transaction with a businessacknowledgment, using an activity diagram, in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a one-step transaction with two businessacknowledgments, using an activity diagram, in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a Request/Response transaction, using an activitydiagram, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a exemplary blocks in a message header of a gatewaymessage, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a process flow with abstractqueues, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a process flow for a raw messageformatter in an IN queue, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a process flow for a raw messageformatter in an OUT queue, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates a process flow for generating a gateway message froma raw message, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a flow diagram of selected steps in the process flowof FIG. 12, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a data frame resulting from monitoringactivity, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to a systemand method for system and method for exchanging information among remoteexchange applications, such as to participate in and completetransactions. According to exemplary embodiments, the system iscomprised of a distributed application platform that is configured, forexample, to handle defined, computerized business transactions among acommunity of disparate companies. The system can integrate existingclient environments, regardless of the client's technology choices anddata formats. The system is configured to convert existing client datainto a common model data that can be shared among all other clients. Thesystem includes the functions of a robust message system, and does notrequire a centralized processor or centralized database.

The system provides the capability to develop multi-enterprise businesstransaction exchange applications (i.e., gateway applications), withminimal impact on each client. More particularly, the system can be usedby a controlling manager, such as, for example, a solution provider,that builds, distributes and manages the business transaction exchangeapplications among a group of clients. The solution providers can defineglobal transaction attributes, such as, for example, the transactionssupported, global validation rules, security, message processes, datastores and common services, that are shared with each client. However,each client can retain autonomy over their (perhaps unique and/orproprietary) transactions and data formats. Each client can maintain alocal store of transactions that are transmitted and received.Additionally, each client can use their existing file formats andtransport software, as the system uses the client's existinginfrastructure. Consequently, little or no changes are required for theclient's applications.

Thus, the solution provider can design the gateway applications usingexemplary embodiments of the present invention to build an applicationthat can be distributed and installed at all desired client sites. Eachof the gateway applications is configured to communicate with othergateway applications in one or more common data formats that are sharedand understood by all of the gateway applications. The gatewayapplication at a client's site is also integrated to the local client'sdata formats, transport protocols, and any customized requirements. Thelocal gateway applications are then configured to convert or otherwisetransform the proprietary transaction information from the local clientapplication into the common data format so that the information can becommunicated to another, remote gateway application. Once received, theremote gateway application can convert or otherwise transform thetransaction information in the common data format to the data formatrequired by the remote client application. Thus, according to exemplaryembodiments, all clients can send and receive transaction information toand from other clients to perform inter-corporate, multi-enterpriseautomated business or other suitable transactions.

These and other aspects of the present invention will now be describedin greater detail. FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating system 100 forsystem for communicating transaction information, in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. The system 100 includes aplurality of client application devices 105 (e.g., client applicationdevice 1, client application device 2, client application device 3, . .. , client application device M, where M can be any suitable number).The client application devices 105 are distributed among one or morelocal client application devices and one or more remote clientapplication devices. The system 100 also includes a plurality ofgateways 110 (e.g., gateway 1, gateway 2, . . . , gateway N, where N canbe any suitable number). The plurality of gateways 110, which can alsobe referred to as transaction exchangers, are distributed among one ormore local gateways and one or more remote gateways.

For purposes of illustration and not limitation, the first gateway 110(i.e., gateway 1) can be a local transition exchanger. Consequently, forthe present illustration, the second through Nth gateways 110 (i.e.,gateway 2, . . . , gateway N) can be remote gateways with respect to the(local) first gateway 110. Additionally, the first and second clientapplication devices 105 (i.e., client application device 1 and clientapplication device 2) can be local client application devices withrespect to the first (local) transition exchanger 110. Therefore, forthe present illustration, the second and third through Mth clientapplication devices 105 (i.e., client application device 2, clientapplication device 3, . . . , client application device M) can be remoteclient application devices with respect to the (local) first and secondclient application devices 105.

More particularly, the one or more local gateways 110 are configured tocommunicate transaction information with the one or more local clientapplication devices 105, with which the one or more local gateways 110are associated, using one or more local data formats. The one or moreremote gateways 110 are configured to communicate the transactioninformation with the one or more remote client application devices 105,with which the one or more remote gateways 110 are associated, using oneor more remote data formats. In other words, each gateway 110 is a localgateway with respect to itself. The client application device 105 is alocal client application device with respect to the local gateway 110with which the client application device 105 is associated.Consequently, any gateways 110 not located locally are remote gateways110 with respect to the local gateway 110. Additionally, any clientapplication devices 105 not located locally are remote clientapplication devices 105 with respect to the local client applicationdevice 105 and the associated local gateway 110.

Each client application device 105 communicates with the associatedgateway 105 using one or more local data formats. In other words, eachgateway 110 understands the one or more local data formats used by theclient application device 105 with which the gateway 110 is associated.For example, each client application device 105 can be a proprietary,customized or otherwise unique user application that uses proprietary,customized or otherwise unique data formats to undertake and process atransaction. The local data format of each (local) client applicationdevice 105 may not be understood or otherwise compatible with local dataformats used by other (remote) client application devices 105.Therefore, according to exemplary embodiments, the one or more localgateways 110 are configured to transform the transaction information inthe one or more local data formats into one or more common data formatsthat are shared with the one or more remote gateways 110. Thus, eachgateway 110 can convert the transaction information in the local dataformat used by the associated client application device 105 into a dataformat that is understood and used by all transactions exchangers 110.Such a common data format allows each gateway 110 to communicate andshare data or other messages with one or more other gateways 110.

For example, for purposes of illustration and not limitation, the firstgateway 110 can transform the transaction information from the firstclient application device 105 from the local data format used by thefirst client application device 105 to the common data format used bythe gateways 110. Once transformed, the first gateway 110 can transmitor otherwise communicate the transaction information in the common dataformat to another gateway 110, such as the second gateway 110. When thesecond gateway 110 receives the transaction information in the commondata format, the second gateway 110 is configured to transform thetransaction information in the common data format into the data formatused by the third client application device 105 with which the secondgateway 110 is associated. In other words, the one or more remotegateways 110 can transform or otherwise convert the transactioninformation in the one or more common data formats into the one or moreremote data formats. Thus, according to exemplary embodiments, thetransaction information from the one or more local client applicationdevices 105 can be communicated to the one or more remote clientapplication devices 105 for completing a transaction, without regard tothe data formats used by each of the client application devices 105.

Conversely, the one or more remote gateways 110 are configured totransform the transaction information in the one or more remote dataformats into the one or more common data formats that are shared withthe one or more local gateways 110. For example, for purposes ofillustration and not limitation, the second gateway 110 can transformthe transaction information from the third client application device 105from the local data format used by the third client application device105 to the common data format used by the gateways 110. Oncetransformed, the second gateway 110 can transmit or otherwisecommunicate the transaction information in the common data format toanother gateway 110, such as the first gateway 110. When the firstgateway 110 receives the transaction information in the common dataformat, the first gateway 110 is configured to transform the transactioninformation in the common data format into the data format used by thefirst client application device 105 with which the first gateway 110 isassociated. In other words, the one or more local gateways 110 areconfigured to transform the transaction information in the one or morecommon data formats into the one or more local data formats that areused by the local client application devices 105 associated with thelocal gateway 110. Thus, according to exemplary embodiments, thetransaction information from the one or more remote client applicationdevices 105 can be communicated to the one or more local clientapplication devices 105 for completing the transaction, regardless ofthe data formats used by each of the client application devices 105. Forexample, each client can send and receive transaction information to andfrom other clients to perform inter-corporate, multi-enterpriseautomated business or other suitable transactions via the gateways 110according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention.

As can be seen in FIG. 1, the communication connections between thegateways 110 form a network. A community of enterprises that share aspecific set of automated business transactions using the gateways 110is referred to herein as a Members-Only Interconnect (MOI). MOIs can beset up to serve a wide range of transaction-specific communities, fromsome that are very large and global, such as, for example, the communityof banks that need to process cross-border payment transactions, tosmall local communities such as, for example, a small regional medicalcommunity including doctors, pharmacies, hospitals, payers, and thelike. Each member in an MOI sends/receives standardized transactioninformation from/to an internal application that is meant to processthat information. The client application devices 105 can comprise theseinternal applications.

A more general architecture than the MOI is referred to as aService-Oriented Architecture (SOA). An SOA is a peer-to-peer networkcomprised of nodes that can usually be divided into client-nodes, whichconsume the processing done within the SOA, and service nodes, whichprovide an identifiable, single-purpose function to support thetransaction. An MOI can be considered as containing a special, stylizeddistributed application—the “business transaction application”(BTA)—that a user has created to support a specific set of businesstransactions. The BTA is built by configuring and customizing thegateways 110. Thus, the system 100 is a fully-distributed applicationbased on an SOA. Consequently, there is no central process, but, rather,a peer-to-peer network of applications connected together andcommunicating through the gateways 110. The clients of the BTA are theclient application devices 105 that are creating, sending, receiving andprocessing the standardized information contained in the businesstransaction. This information is contained in a message, which isreferred to here as a gateway message. The structure and format ofgateway messages exchanged between gateways 110 in a BTA is fixed anddefined by the users. The (local) client application devices 105interact with a local gateway 110 through message queues. In addition toclient application devices 105, the MOI can contain a number ofspecialized service applications that perform specific functions thatsupport the execution of the given business transaction, such as, forexample, authentication, coordinated time-stamping, logging services,credit checks, non-repudiation, data augmentation, routing services, andthe like.

To convert between the local and common data formats so that transactionor other information can be passed from the local client applicationdevice 105 to the remote client application device 105, suitable messageprocessing is performed in each gateway 110. FIG. 2 is a diagramillustrating a gateway 110, in accordance with an exemplary embodimentof the present invention. The gateway 110 includes an information queuemodule 205. The information queue module is configured to communicatetransaction information in one or more local data formats with theclient application device 105, although the information queue module 205can be in communication with any suitable number of (local) clientapplication devices 105. In other words, the information queue module205 is configured to handle messages coming from the (local) clientapplication device 105.

To interface and communicate with the (local) client application devices105, the gateways 110 use message queues that are referred to herein as“abstract queues,” as these abstract queues can standardize and abstractthe interface between the gateways 110 and a wide variety of messagedelivery mechanisms. From the viewpoint of the gateway 110, an abstractqueue can pass the message the abstract queue receives from either the(local) client application device 105 or from other (remote) gateways110, and can receive messages from the gateway 110 to be sent either toa (local) client application device 105 or to a (remote) gateway 110.The gateway 110 can interact with an abstract queue through simple APIs,which contain a small amount of basic information about the message anda reference to the bytes that make up the message. The suppliedinformation is sufficient so that the gateway 110 or the abstract queuecan determine how to process the referenced message. Each abstract queuecan have an associated error queue on which are placed messages that arenot able to be processed for some reason, along with an error message(e.g., in a fixed format) describing the error. The error queues can be,for example, folders on the (local) gateway 110 where the files areplaced. Such an error queue is at a level higher than the deliverymechanism error queue, which is specific to the delivery mechanism. Forexample, if the delivery mechanism is a JMS message broker, and themessage cannot reach the intended message broker queue, then the messagewill be placed in the message broker's error queue.

Additionally, for each of the information queue module 205 and thecommunication module 245 (discussed below), the gateway 110 instantiatesa queue listener as part of an abstract queue. The queue listener“listens” for or otherwise detects a message received by an abstractqueue. The respective queue listener can send a signal to theinformation queue module 205 or the communication module 245 when therespective queue listener has received or detected a message. Suchsignals can be the event that begins processing by the gateway 110.

An abstract queue has the general qualities of a queue—for example, theability to add and remove items, to create a listener for the queue andthe like—but is abstract in the sense that it “sits on top” of thedetails of the mechanism that is implemented to send and receivemessages (either to the client application device 105 or to othergateways 110). For example, the implementation of an abstract queue canbe a standard JMS-based message broker or MOM, a Web service, FTP, anAPI call to an end user application, a database query, or the like.

One aspect of the abstract queue is to loosely couple the deliverymechanism and the business transaction in the gateway 110. There is notight coupling with a MOM backbone as there is with many ESBs, so thereis no requirement that the gateways 110 use a particular vendor or evena particular delivery mechanism to participate in a businesstransaction. Thus, the gateways 110 can be adapted to whatever transportmechanism is in place and being used by the client application devices105.

Another aspect of the abstract queue is that it allows connection to theMOI using configuration tools, rather than requiring software coding.For example, a set of pre-built abstract queue adapters can beconfigurable simply by setting suitable properties. If changes indelivery strategy are required by a gateway 110, changes can be made toa different abstract queue type and suitable properties can be set,rather than re-coding the gateways 110.

The abstract queue properties can depend on, for example, the abstractqueue type, which will be based on the particular client applicationdevice 105. Some properties of the abstract queues include the abstractqueue name. Abstract queues are addressable entities within the gateway110, and can therefore use a unique (within the gateway 110) name toidentify them. The name can be any suitable designation or address, sucha combination of alphanumeric characters, an IP address, or the like.For abstract queues for connecting with other gateways 110, such a nameor designation should be available to other gateways 110 for addressingpurposes.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the abstract queues can supportguaranteed delivery. A delivery mechanism that does not supportguaranteed delivery (e.g., FTP) may require additional processing by thesending/receiving gateways 110. For example, there might be additionalproperties required so that the sending gateway 110 can do the work thata normal MOM would do. For example, the gateway 110 can temporarilypersist the message, wait for a callback that indicated the message wasreceived (e.g., the message acknowledgment), and then delete the messagefrom temporary persistent storage. However, if the message was notreceived within a certain period of time, the gateway 110 can re-sendthe message, up to the maximum number of retries. Alternatively, “alert”properties can be established (e.g., Time To Alert, Alert Destination,Alert Text), so that if no acknowledgment is received within a certaintime, then an alert occurs.

The abstract queues can also include suitable listener properties. Thelistener properties can define what the abstract queue is listening for,e.g., what is the triggering event. For example, for an FTP abstractqueue type, the listener property can be the name of the folder wherethe abstract queue checks for new files. However, for a message broker,the listener properly can be the queue where the abstract queue checksfor messages. For example, the MOI architecture can support asynchronoustransactions through the use of abstract queues at each gateway 110. Thearrival of a message at an abstract queue can be the trigger that causesthe gateway 110 to process that message. Such an architecture provides asimple, loosely-coupled interaction framework for building businesstransactions between participants.

One of the advantages of abstract queues is that they allow BTAs to bebuilt on a wide, diverse set of message protocols, including legacytransports, e.g., FTP, direct leased lines, and the like. Consequently,BTAs should not entail the large changes in infrastructure required byother service-oriented solutions, such as, for example, ESBs and thelike. According to exemplary embodiments, there are numerous types ofabstract queues that can be used for the gateways 110. One example of anabstract queue is a JMS-compliant message broker abstract queue. Such anabstract queue can encapsulate a standard JMS interface to a messagebroker. Most conventional message brokers are JMS compliant and canprovide such an interface, e.g., SonicMQ, MQSeries, other open sourceproducts and the like. For example, Manta Ray, one such open sourceproduct, can be used with the gateways 110. Manta Ray is suited for thefully distributed, decentralized nature of an MOI, as Manta Ray is fullydistributed, i.e., all processing is done within the Manta Ray clientand there is no central bus server. Additional JMS-compliant abstractqueues may be necessary, depending upon the application. For example, anabstract queue may be necessary for MQSeries message brokers, because ofthe widespread popularity of such a message broker in the financialcommunity.

Another example of an abstract queue is an FTP abstract queue. Forexample, much business transaction information is sent and receivedthrough batch-oriented FTP processes. An abstract queue can be used toencapsulate such a mechanism for moving information. Two versions of theabstract queue can be used—one that treats the file to be sent orreceived via FTP as a single payload, the other that treats each recordwithin a file as a separate payload. However, other configurations ofthe FTP abstract queue can be used. The FTP abstract queue can provide asignificant amount of flexibility to the gateway 110. A (local) clientapplication device 105 can send a file to an FTP-based abstract queueused by the information queue module 205. The abstract queue can thenpass each record of the file as a payload to the information queuemodule 205. After the gateway 110 has processed these records, therecords can be re-packaged by an FTP-based abstract queue used by thecommunication module 245 and sent using FTP to another gateway 110.Alternatively, the records can be sent as separate messages using, forexample, a JMS-based abstract queue.

There are situations in which two parties may desire to exchange datavia FTP. In such an example, the user desires to send a file via FTPusing the MOI architecture and gateways 110. An FTP abstract queue canbe set up at the gateway 110 that is directed to the (local) clientapplication device 105. For example, the FTP abstract queue can check aparticular directory (defined by a property) to “listen” for incominginformation. When the client application device 105 adds a file to thedirectory, the FTP abstract queue can activate the gateway 110 as thougha message were added to a queue.

Certain header information can be provided to the FTP abstract queue,such as, for example, the transaction type, the message type, therecipient's address and the like. The FTP abstract queue can combinesuch information (the message metadata) with the non-normative data (themessage content) to create a message that can be processed by thegateway 110, the last step of which is to place the message on a FTPabstract queue that is in communication with the other (remote) gateways110. The “network-facing” FTP abstract queue can then send the file tothe appropriate destination using the FTP protocol. The FTP abstractqueue can send the bytes via FTP to the destination, which can be simplya directory. The destination gateway 110 can include an FTP abstractqueue set up to listen on that directory. When the file arrives, thegateway 110 can act as though a message was received on a queue, andperform processing to reconstitute the file as a message that thegateway 110 can understand. At that point, subsequent gateway 110processing begins, as discussed below. It should be noted that FTP canbe used to batch together multiple messages in one file, and have thereceiving gateway 110 reconstitute the file as individual messages.

Another example of an abstract queue is a direct-line abstract queue.Much of current inter-enterprise transactions between applications isperformed between client applications at the users' locations and alarge centralized server at a remote server location. Theseclient/server systems generally use direct leased line connections. Thedirect-line abstract queue can wrap the underlying direct line messagingprotocol, allowing the gateways 110 to be used with such legacy systems.

A further example of an abstract queue is a web services/SOAP abstractqueue. Such an abstract queue can use SOAP to handle the transmission ofa message. In many cases, these web service abstract queues can be usedto handle Request/Response messages when specific queries need a directresponse. Many internal system messages can also utilize this type ofabstract queue. For example, an instantiation of a web service abstractqueue can handle interactions with the (local) client application device105 that, for efficiency, can utilize the normative XML messages(discussed below).

Another example of an abstract queue is a database integration abstractqueue. An advantage of the MOI and architecture of system 100 is theease of integrating the gateways 110 with internal applications anddatabases. The database integration abstract queue can access themessage payload to make it simpler for users to send or receive messagesdirectly from/to an internal database. For example, to send a message,the database integration abstract queue can map data from an internaldatabase to its own version of the message payload object model. Theabstract queue can then create a normative message (as discussed below)for that payload and pass the message onto the gateway 110. Such aprocess would be reversed to receive and store a message into aninternal database. Substantially all of the capabilities necessary tointeract with the internal database are supported. Such functionalitycan include support for any JDBC driver so that many forms of tabulardata can be accessed. It should be noted that the integration tointernal applications is separated from the central mapping in thegateway 110, so that management of the MOI can be performed (including,for example, handling injection and versioning (discussed below)),without interfering with the local customization efforts undertaken byusers.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the messages communicated betweenthe (local) client application device 105 and the information queuemodule 205 can be referred to as “queue messages” or “raw messages.” Thequeue (or raw) message is a message received from an abstract queue. Thequeue message can be comprised of, for example, a minimal header and themessage data. The header in a queue message can be different than theheader used for other message types used by the gateway 110, asdiscussed below. The queue header can include a minimal amount ofinformation, such as which formatter to use (if needed), the messagetype, the transaction type, and other like information. The headerinformation can be imparted to the message via the abstract queue. Themessage data in a queue message is simply an array of bytes. Nothingelse need be assumed about the payload. As discussed below, for queuemessages coming from the (local) client application device 105, theformatter module 215 can transform the queue messages into correspondingnon-normative information, such as, for example, XML messages.

The gateway 110 optionally includes a first custom-processor module 210in communication with the information queue module 205. The firstcustom-processor module 210 is configured to process the transactioninformation using the one or more local data formats used by the (local)client application device 105. The first custom-processor module 210 isprovided to allow users to add customized processing capabilities to thegateway 110. For example, the user can configure the firstcustom-processor module 210 to perform a series of actions on thetransaction information while that information is still in the localdata format (e.g., add or modify the transaction information, re-formatthe transaction information, and the like). According to an exemplaryembodiment, since the user can add functionality to their own processmodule, a wide variety of local processing can be supported, such as,for example, data enrichment, complex business rule authorizations, andthe like.

More particularly, according to an exemplary embodiment, the firstcustom-processor module 210 can be responsible for executing a series ofsteps called an “action list” on the message content (or payload) thatis in the local data format. The first custom-processor module 210 canperform, for example, validation, enforce local security policies,perform data enrichment, and the like, as desired by the user. An actionlist defines the steps that the first-custom processor module 210follows for a message. Action lists can be associated with a particularmessage type. Action list templates can be provided that can be used asa starting point for users to configure their action lists. The user canconfigure the appropriate parameters for the action lists, such as, forexample, by specifying queue names, log file names, and the like.According to exemplary embodiments, no software coding is necessary forperforming such a configuration. The action list can specify thatcertain steps are required or that certain steps can be skipped that arenot required. Additional steps can be added to an action list at anytime to extend the processing that occurs with the firstcustom-processor module 210. There is no restriction on the sequence inwhich steps can be defined for processing. However, the user shouldensure that the sequence of steps are proper and logical. Separateaction lists can reside in each gateway 110.

According to an exemplary embodiment, one or more predefined steps canbe used to create an action list for the first custom-processor module210. For example, such predefined steps can include, but are not limitedto: validate the message content; create an entry in a local log file;send a different message (different message type), for example, tocreates a new transaction; send the message to an enterprise-facingabstract queue (discussed below), which can trigger additionalprocessing via another application, web service, or the like; store themessage and its state in a repository associated with the gateway 110;and other like predefined steps. However, there is no requirement thatany of these steps be used. Each step may have different propertiesdefined. For example, the log step might have properties for the logfile location, while the send reply step might specify the message typeto send, and the like. In addition to using such predefined steps, theuser can create additional customized steps can be used when buildingaction lists.

According to an exemplary embodiment, steps can be processed in theorder in which they are defined in the action list, in a linearsequence. However, conditional branching, forking and joining can alsobe used. Additionally, steps can be synchronous, meaning that processingis blocked until a step is complete, although asynchronous processingcan also be used. Furthermore, a step can be flagged as a long-durationstep (not to be confused with long-running transactions) if theprocessing for that step is not expected to return immediately. Forexample, such flagging can enable the inclusion of manual processing, orsome other process that takes hours or even days to complete. Note thatthis facility may provide the “look and feel” of an asynchronousprocess, but is actually a synchronous process. For a long-durationstep, the message state can be persisted to a repository associated withthe gateway 110 (e.g., the data storage module 250 discussed below), anda “listener” process can be established to wait for a return from thesub-processing that was invoked. Long-duration steps can includeadditional properties specifying, for example, the maximum time to waitand the error queue to notify if the sub-process exceeds such a limit.

In the event of a failure of one or more steps performed by the actionlists, the action list can define which of the following can happen whena step fails: all further processing stops, and another action (from ashort list) may be invoked, such as sending the message to an errorqueue; a warning is logged (either directly in the repository or via anadministrative message), and processing continues with the next step inthe Local Processor action list; or the failure is ignored. Additionalor alternative error events can occur when one or more of the steps tobe performed by the action list fail.

The gateway 110 includes a formatter module 215 in communication withthe first custom-processor module 210 (or the information queue module205 if no first custom-processor module 210 is used or present). Theformatter module 215 is configured to transform the transactioninformation in the one or more local data formats into a data formatassociated with the gateway 110. The data format associated with thegateway 110 can be any suitable data format that can be used by thegateway 110. According to an exemplary embodiment, the data formatassociated with the gateway is referred to herein as “non-normativeinformation,” and can comprise XML or the like. Merely for purposes ofdiscussion and illustration, XML will be used as an example of thenon-normative information, although any other suitable data formats canbe used for the non-normative information. For example, messagesprocessed within the gateway 110 can be well-formed XML documents.However, messages from the (local) client application device 105 can bein a variety of formats, e.g., EDI, a flat file, or any otherproprietary or custom format. The formatter module 215 is configured totransform messages from/to such external formats to/from a non-normativeXML message that the gateway 110 can understand and manipulate.

More particularly, the formatter module 215 can be responsible forperforming a one-for-one “tokenization” or transformation of a non-XMLmessage into an XML message (e.g., EDI to XML), and vice versa. For a“sending” transformation, the formatter module 215 can transform a queue(or raw) message (e.g., non-XML) from the (local) client applicationdevice 105 into a non-normative XML message format that the gateway 110can process. The gateway 110 can process the resulting non-normative XMLmessage, because the gateway 110 uses a map between the non-normativeXML message and a normative data model. For “receiving” transformations,the formatter module 215 can transform a non-normative XML message intoa queue message (e.g., non-XML) that the (local) client applicationdevice 105 can process. The formatter module 215 can support anysuitable transformation to/from the non-normative information (e.g.,XML), such as, for example, EDIFACT, X12, FIN (or, more generally, SWIFTnon-XML (ISO 7775)), fixed-length flat files, delimited flat files, FIX,and the like.

As used herein, a non-normative XML message is a well-formed XML messagethat conforms to an XML model that is part of the gateway 110application map. The XML model is mapped to the normative data model(the object model). The difference between a non-normative XML messageand a normative message is two-fold. First, a non-normative XML messageis an XML message, while a normative message can be either an XMLmessage or an instantiated message object. The second difference is oneof degree. Both messages are represented by an XML model in theapplication map, but the XML model of the normative message can beconsidered to be an exact or substantially exact representation of thenormative data model. The XML model of the non-normative XML message isa variation on the normative data model. For messages coming from theclient application device 105, a non-normative XML message is the resultof a one-for-one “tokenization” or transformation of a non-XML messageinto an XML message by the formatter module 215. In other words, theformatter module 215 takes the queue message (for example, EDI) andchanges the form of the queue message to the non-normative information,such as XML or the like.

Producing a non-normative XML message is the first step in the processof creating a normative message. Each non-normative XML message isdefined by an XML model in the application map, which is mapped to thenormative data model (the object model). From such a mapping, anormative message can be created. For messages going to the clientapplication device 105, part of the processing of the gateway 110 caninvolve converting a message into the correct non-normative XML messageformat so that it can be transformed by the formatter module 215 into aqueue message.

According to exemplary embodiments, when a message is placed on anoutbound queue of the client application device 105, the queue listener,based on information in the queue message it receives from the abstractqueue, determines the formatter module 215 and format map to use fortransforming the queue message appropriately into a non-normative XMLmessage. Thus, each gateway 110 can support one or more formattermodules 215, with each formatter module 215 supporting a separatetransformation format. Alternatively, a single formatter module 215 cansupport numerous transformation formats, with the appropriate formatselected based on information in the queue message. It should be notedthat the header may indicate that no formatting is required (e.g., themessage is already in the correct format for the gateway 110 toprocess), in which case the processing performed by the formatter module215 can be skipped. Once processed by the formatter module 215, thenon-normative message is passed to the (optional) secondcustom-processor module 220.

For a message received by a gateway 105, the formatter module 215 isinvoked after the (optional) second custom-processor module 220 isfinished. The message is changed from a normative message to anon-normative message so that the formatter module 215 can process it.In addition, the formatter module 215 and the format map to be used canbe determined based on information in the message header of the receivedgateway message. The formatter module 215 then transforms the messagefrom a non-normative XML message into a queue message that isappropriate for the client application device 105.

The formatter module 215 can be a COTS product that can include adesign-time component that can be used to create standardtransformations that would be included as part of a service offering.The formatter module 215 can optionally use validation to confirm theaccuracy of the transformation. For example, if the (local) clientapplication device 105 requires a different or more stringent dataformat than that required by other MOI participants, such validation canbe included in the format map used by the formatter module 215.

The gateway 110 can optionally include the second custom-processormodule 220 in communication with the formatter module 215. The secondcustom-processor module 220 can be configured to process transformedtransaction information using the data format associated with thegateway 110. According to an exemplary embodiment, the secondcustom-processor module 220 can be used to process the non-normative XMLmessage transformed by the formatter module 215. The secondcustom-processor module 220 is provided to allow users to add customizedprocessing capabilities to the gateway 110. For example, the user canconfigure the second custom-processor module 220 to perform a series ofactions on the transaction information while that information is in thenon-normative XML format (e.g., add or modify the transactioninformation, re-format the transaction information, and the like). Aswith the first custom-processor module 210, the second custom-processormodule 220 can be responsible for executing one or more action lists onthe non-normative XML message before further processing.

The gateway 110 includes a mapping module 225 in communication with thesecond custom-processor module 220 (or the formatter module 215 if nosecond custom-processor module 220 is used or present). The mappingmodule 225 is configured to convert the transaction information in thedata format associated with the gateway 110 into a common data formatthat is shared with at least one other gateway 10, using a normativedata model configured to generate normative transaction information. Anormative message reflects the normative data model used by members ofthe MOI. The normative message can be either an instantiated messageobject (or set of objects), or an XML message. A normative message canbe sent to and received from any other gateway 110 in the MOI. Thenormative data model can be based on industry-sponsored initiatives,such as HL7, FIX, SWIFT, RosettaNet, or the like, or can be defined aspart of a new application. However, the normative data model can use anysuitable type of mapping that is configured to transform or otherwisemap the non-normative information into the normative information thatcan be shared with and understood by all of the gateways 110.

The normative data model is part of the application map that can be usedby the gateways 10 to perform the transformation or conversion betweenthe data of different formats. An application map can include, forexample, a main map file, which simply points to the other files, anobject model, and one or more XML maps, each of which is comprised of anXML model and a mapping between that model and the object model. Thereis generally one object model in an application map, although otherobject models can be used. The object model is the normalized data modelfor the gateway 10. The object model describes the message classes andtheir relationships. The object model can also contain the validationrules used by the validation module 230 (discussed below), as well asthe business transaction definitions, and other suitable information. AnXML map is comprised of an XML model and an object-model-to-XML-modelmapping. An XML map can be used by the gateway 110 to transform an XMLmessage to an instantiated message object based upon a given XML model,and to transform an instantiated message object back to XML. Such afacility allows the gateways 110 to handle multiple XML message formatsthat map to the same normative data. In other words, the object modelrepresents the normative information shared by all members of the MOI,but each member can use different XML schemas to represent that data inan XML message.

The gateway 110 can also include a validation module 230 incommunication with the mapping module 225. The validation module 230 isconfigured to validate the normative transaction information. Forexample, the validation module 230 can validate the normativetransaction information to ensure that the normative transactioninformation includes data required by mandatory data fields andcross-data field constraints.

More particularly, validation is performed by the validation module 230using validation rules specified by the user. The validation rules arepart of the application map that each gateway 110 uses to participate inthe MOI to ensure that messages exchanged between members are validaccording to the commonly-accepted validation rules of the members. Itshould be noted that message validation is not a separate serviceperformed as part of a process flow. Rather, each gateway 110 canvalidate any message. Such a mechanism can be contrasted withconventional approaches that require a central validation service thatcan become a process bottleneck, or that include a separate validationservice as part of a process flow. Although performed by the validationmodule 230, validation can also be one of the steps that can be invokedby the action lists used by the first and second custom-processormodules 210 and 220, respectively. For example, the user can define whenthe validation should be invoked, in addition to the validationperformed by the validation module 230 when sending a message. Sinceaction lists are defined on a per message type basis, such a mechanismallows for validation to be invoked for one message type but notanother. The user can also make validation an optional step for certainmessage types and a required step for others. The validation performedby the validation module 230 can be referred to as “local validation,”since the rules are defined and maintained for a particular gateway 110,rather than globally for all gateways 110. Local validation is generallynot less stringent than global validation.

As discussed previously, the validation rules are part of theapplication map. The validation rules are associated with the normativedata model (the object model), which is the “hub” of that map, ratherthan with the XML schemas to which the object model is mapped. Thevalidation module 230 validates the objects, not the XML. Such anapproach allows for more comprehensive data validation than is possibleusing an approach that simply validates XML against XML schema. Inparticular, the latter approach, as used by conventional architectures,cannot handle cross-field validation (for example, if Field A is null,Field B must be greater than $1,000). In contrast, the validation module230 is capable of performing cross-field validation. Cross-fieldvalidation is a very common requirement for validating messages, butbecause it cannot be handled by validating against XML schema, it isgenerally handled by the business logic layer in conventionalarchitectures. The validation approach used by the validation module 230can, therefore, extend data validation into the realm of business rulesto allow more business rules to be handled by simpler validation rules.

The validation rules used by the gateway 110 can be of two types:field-level validation rules, that define the allowable data and formatfor a specific field; and cross-field validation rules, that canvalidate the data/format of one field in a message instance against thedata/format of another field, as well as against global system valuessuch as current date/time and the like. Validation rules can use regularrelational (>, ≧, and the like) and logical (AND, OR, NOT and the like)operators, as well as parenthesis for grouping. Also, arithmeticoperators (+, −, * and /) can be used, as well as special operators suchas “ISNULL”, “:” and the like. A selected set of string, numeric, andBoolean functions can also be used to build the validation rules.

The gateway 110 can include a data enrichment module 235 incommunication with the validation module 230. The data enrichment module235 is configured to customize the validated normative transactioninformation to generate enriched normative transaction information. Thedata enrichment module 235 can be used by the user to add, modify orotherwise customize, in any suitable manner, the normative transactioninformation that has been validated by the validation module 230. Forexample, the data enrichment module 235 can be used to add the fourdigit add-on code (identifying a geographic segment within the fivedigit zip code delivery area) to a five-digit zip code or the like. Thedata enrichment module 235 does not alter the validated normativetransaction information in such a way as to make the data unusable by orunshareable with other gateways 110. Rather, the data enrichment module235 can be used to augment the validated normative transactioninformation to include additional (normative) information that can beshared with other gateways 110 and, ultimately, used by the (remote)client application devices 105.

The gateway 110 includes a message processing module 240 incommunication with the data enrichment module 235. The messageprocessing module 240 is configured to generate a transaction or gatewaymessage by providing an envelope for the (validated and possiblyenriched) normative transaction information in the common data format.Transaction information is encapsulated in a message, in particular, agateway message. The message processing module 240 is further configuredto execute predetermined next actions and processing demands that can beimposed by at least one other (remote) gateway 110 (e.g., to includeinformation in the message that is expected by the (remote) gateway110).

According to exemplary embodiments, a message is comprised of anenvelope that contains blocks of information. The envelope has a smallset of information including, for example, a unique ID for a message andcertain other information that will permit the gateway 110 to processit. The blocks contain the various sets of information that comprise themessage. One block type is the payload that contains the transactioninformation that is to be transmitted from an initiator to a target.Other blocks can contain information to support processing by thegateway 110, such as, for example, transmission, persistence, securityand the like. For example, blocks can include information about thetarget's address, message security, and the like. Two exemplary blocksthat can be used in a message are: 1.) the transaction routing slip thatdefines the path the message is to follow in the MOI as it goes frominitiator to target; and 2.) the message processing history that keeps arunning record of all state changes incurred by the message, forexample, visiting an intermediate service, and the like. Thus, theenvelope is a wrapper that is used to bundle the normative transactioninformation for transmission to other (remote) gateways 110 and theassociated (remote) client application devices 105. The blocks otherthan the payload can be considered a message header for the gatewaymessage.

More particularly, FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a gateway message300, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention. The gateway message 300 comprises the message data 310(payload or message content), message metadata 305 (header or messagecontext), and, optionally, a message network header (e.g., as part ofthe message metadata 305). The message data 310 is comprised ofinstances of classes from the application domain model (i.e., theapplication map). The message data 310 can exist in a local data format(i.e., the data format used by the (local) client application device105). The message data 310 can also be encrypted when sent over thenetwork. The message metadata 305 is comprised of a set of user andsystem information that accompanies the message data 310. Some of themessage metadata 305 can be supplied by the user (such as an addressee).Other data elements can be supplied by the gateway 110 through themessage processing module 240, such as, for example, a unique messageidentifier, a timestamp, transaction context, and the like. Both usersinvolved in a transaction (the local and remote client applicationdevices 105) can view and otherwise use the metadata information.According to exemplary embodiments, the metadata information can bestored with the message data 310 in local data storage. The optionalmessage network header can be comprised of a set of system-generatedinformation that is used by the communications layer to properly deliverthe message. The message network header is generally not visible oraccessible to either users involved in a transaction, and does not haveto be persistent. Some or all of the information in the message networkheader can be derived by the message processing module 240 from, forexample, the message metadata 305.

According to an exemplary embodiment, each message can include a uniquemessage identifier, generated by the message processing module 240 ofthe originating gateway 110. A message identifier can be guaranteed tobe unique within the MOI. The message identifier generated by themessage processing module 240 is independent of any message identifiergenerated by the communications infrastructure. According to anexemplary embodiment, the system 100 can support itinerary-based routingfor messages. In other words, messages can be routed based on thebusiness transaction definitions created by the users. These definitionscan define the central services through which a message passes for agiven message type and transaction type. When a message is instantiated,the itinerary is carried with the gateway message 300 in one of theheader blocks of the message metadata 305 as the gateway message 300travels through the system 100. For example, the itinerary can bedeclared as a linear sequence of gateways 110 through which the gatewaymessage 300 passes until the gateway message 300 reaches itsdestination. The system 100 can also support content-based routing. Incontent-based routing, a gateway 110 can make decisions on where amessage is to be routed based on the contents of the message. Forexample, the message processing module 240 can use message header-basedrouting, in which the message processing module 240 determines the nextleg of the route based on information in a specific message headerblock.

The message processing module 240 is also responsible for processing theheader blocks in the message envelope when a message is received from anetwork-facing queue listener. According to an exemplary embodiment, themessage envelope can be an XML document comprised of blocks of data.Each block can include a corresponding class that processes the block.Blocks can be processed in a particular sequence, if desired. Themessage envelope structure and the processing of the blocks can be thesame for all messages exchanged among members of the MOI. For example, aconfiguration file can define the association between each messageheader block and the class that processes the message header block.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the gateway message 300 can include severaltypes of blocks. For example, the message metadata 305 can include oneor more predefined header blocks 315, which include header informationthat cannot be customized or extended by the user, and one or moreuser-defined header blocks 320, which include header information thatcan be customized and extended by the user. The message data 310 caninclude one or more predefined content blocks 325, which include messagecontent that cannot be customized or extended by the user, and one ormore user-defined content blocks 330, which include message content thatcan be customized or extended by the user. For example, the normativetransaction information can be contained in the user-defined contentblocks 330 of the gateway message 300. According to an exemplaryembodiment, any block can be an indirect link (e.g., using XLINK/XPATHor the like). By using an indirect link, much of the content of amessage need not be in the message itself. Such indirect links can beused, for example, for an often re-used routing slip, a very largepayload that is actually a file to be FTP'ed, and the like.

For the message metadata 305, Table 1 illustrates some of the types ofinformation that can be included in the predefined header blocks 315 andthe user-defined header blocks 320, although additional and/oralternative information can be included in the message metadata 305.

TABLE 1 Information in Predefined and User-Defined Header Blocks 315 and320 Predefined or Block Description User-Defined Message ID Uniquelyidentifies a message Predefined and its context. Includes message type,message ID, transaction ID, date/time created, message category (fromseveral defined, e.g., business message, administrative message).Security For message authentication and Predefined encryption. Anymessage block can be signed and/or encrypted, and the digests are addedto the Security block. Processing Date/time sent/received. EachPredefined and History gateway 110 updates the history User-Definedblock as the message is processed, so messages contain a record of wherethey have been and how they have been processed. The history can beincluded in the message acknowledgment which is returned to the originalsender. Message Message processing flags determine User-DefinedProcessing additional processing for a message, Flags e.g., processingfor potential duplicate emission, non-repudiation, not-valid warning,and the like. The classes for these message processing flags areprovided by the user. Routing Routing slip specifies the gatewayUser-Defined 110 itinerary (e.g., addressing and routing information),including central services and the final recipient. The itinerary isassociated with the message type and the transactions defined for it.The routing slip can specify the entire route and the reply-to address,but at a minimum preferably specifies the next step and finaldestination. There can be arbitray number of steps before reaching thefinal destination. Custom To handle other processing as needed.User-Defined

The message metadata 305 can include the message processing history forthe gateway message. In other words, every time there is a change in thestate of a gateway message 300, a history of that change can be storedin the message processing history. Such changes in state can include,for example, when a message is accepted by a gateway 110 from anabstract queue, when a message is sent to an abstract queue, when amessage is transformed in any way, and the like. Message processinghistories are used by the gateway 110 to understand the precise state ofa gateway message 300 that it has received. The combination of therouting information and the message processing history providesinformation that can be used by the gateway 110 to understand whatprocessing is required to accomplish the next step in the transaction.The message processing history can be comprised of individualinformation components (e.g., separate processing events), and thegateway 110 can be configured to process individual informationcomponents of the message processing history.

The message processing history can also include a history of thetransaction to which the transaction information is directed. Forexample, a transaction can comprise a compound transaction, e.g., amulti-step transaction made up of simple (binary or one-step)transactions. By including the transaction history in the messageprocessing history, exemplary embodiments of the present invention cansuspend and resume a compound transaction as required by the businessneeds of the users. A compound transaction can be suspended until apredetermined condition is met. For example, the predetermined conditioncan be a time limit (e.g., the transaction is suspended until a certainamount of time has passed) or the like. The transaction can be resumedonce the predetermined condition is satisfied. Additionally, byincluding the transaction history in the message processing history,users (both local and remote client application devices 105) candetermine the status of individual components of the compoundtransaction and exchange the status information, as needed, forcompleting the transaction. The system 100 can process or otherwiseexecute the individual components of the compound transaction eithersequentially or in parallel.

The routing information contained of the envelope can define thehigh-level process flow of the transaction, such as the addressing androuting information for the gateway message 300. The routing informationcan specify the message itinerary (e.g., the gateways 110 through whichthe message will pass) and the acknowledgment behavior. According to anexemplary embodiment, the itinerary can be specified declaratively as alinear sequence of steps. For example, an itinerary can be specified asfollows:

Step 1=“Send the message from {origin address} to {Service 1 address}”

Step 2=“Send the message from {Service 1 address} to {destinationaddress}”

Step 3=“Send ACK from {destination address} to {origin address}”

It should be noted that the routing does not specify what occurs at eachgateway 110. The behavior of each gateway 110 can be determined by themessage processing module 240 and the first and second custom-processors210 and 220 of each gateway 110, which, in turn, are based on themessage type and other message metadata. The routing can support alinear process. Alternatively or additionally, the routing can supportforks, joins, or conditional processing behavior. The end point of agiven step is considered to be the starting point of the next step.Furthermore, the routing information can be changed by intermediategateways 110 to allow for dynamic routing in which each gateway 110 candetermine the next message hop.

Each block in the gateway message 300 can be encrypted using anysuitable form of encryption. Descriptive information on the type ofencryption of each block can be included in a block in the messagemetadata 305. By encrypting individual blocks, a gateway 110 or a modulewithin the gateway 110 can read a header block containing informationfor it, while not being able to read the contents of a block of messagedata 310. Additionally, for a PKI-based encryption system, each block inthe gateway message 300 can be individually, digitally signed. Digitallysigning the blocks uniquely identifies the signer, incorporates aprecise time and date stamp, and can guarantee that none of the contentof the signed block has been changed or otherwise altered. Descriptiveinformation of the digital signature of each block can be included in ablock in the message metadata 305. The message processing module 240 canvalidate the signatures for any signed blocks in the gateway message300. The message processing module 240 can also determine whether anyencrypted blocks are intended for the current gateway 110, and if so,can be read. By default, signed/encrypted blocks that are not intendedfor a gateway 110 cannot be modified by that gateway 110. Conversely,blocks that are not signed or encrypted can be modified by any gateway110. If a gateway 110 modifies a signed/encrypted block that is notintended for it, then the processing associated with that block canleave the original block and signature as is, make a copy of it, modifythe copy, and sign the copy.

The gateways 110 include one or more communication modules 245 incommunication with the message processing module 240. The communicationmodules 245 are configured to communicate the gateway message with atleast one other (remote) gateway 110 for completing the transaction. Thecommunication modules 245 can be in communication with the communicationmodules of other gateways 110 using any suitable communication link 247(e.g., either wired or wireless) and any suitable transmission protocol(e.g., TCP or other suitable network communication protocol). Thecommunication modules 245 are also configured to receive gatewaymessages provided by the at least one other (remote) gateway 110 forcompleting the transaction. As discussed below, the communicationmodules 245 are responsible for signing and encrypting a gateway messagethat is to be transmitted to another (remote) gateway 110. Thecommunication modules 245 are also responsible for “finalizing” thegateway message before the gateway message is passed to the abstractqueue for transmission. For example, the communication modules 245 canresolve references to the addresses of other gateways 110, includingdetermining the address of the next destination. The communicationmodule 245 is also configured to send message acknowledgments, ifrequired.

The communication modules 245 are further configured to recordtransmitted and received gateway messages and the transaction states ofthe transmitted and received gateway messages. For example, thecommunication module 245 can notify the information queue module 205(using any suitable type of signal or event notification) and the(local) client application device(s) 105 that a gateway message has beentransmitted. Receipt of a gateway message by the communication module245 can be the event or signal that begins processing of the gatewaymessage by the gateway 110 for communication of the transactioninformation contained in the gateway message to the (local) clientapplication device 105. Such processing of the received gateway messagewould be in a substantially reverse order to that which is performed forprocessing transaction information from the (local) client applicationdevice 105 to generate and transmit a gateway message.

With regard to security and encryption of communicated gateway messages,the gateways 110 are configured to support security standards such as,for example, Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS), suitable IETFstandards (e.g., X.509 certificates, S-MIME, and the like), securetransport protocols (e.g., SSL and TLS), XML Encryption and XMLSignature, conventional cryptographic algorithms, including encryption(e.g., RSA, 3-DES, and the like), digest (e.g., SHA, MD5, and the like),and message authentication codes (e.g., MAC, HMAC and the like), andother like security standards. The gateways 110 are also configured tosupport message authentication and encryption from a level of nosecurity (e.g., if using leased lines or working with low-valuemessages), to self-signed certificates, to public key infrastructure(PKI). However, the system 100 does not impose a security model on theusers. Rather, the users can choose to use any of these or othersecurity models, or none at all. However, once a model is chosen, allgateways 110 preferably comply with that security model.

For message authentication and encryption, the system 100 can supportseveral models for authenticating/encrypting messages, including, forexample, self-signed X.509 certificates and PKI. By default, the system100 can use self-signed certificates for performing authentication andencryption. The self-signed certificates model is similar to the PKImodel, except that there is no trusted third party (e.g., a certificateauthority (CA)) that validates the certificates. A sender creates theprivate key and the certificate with which the corresponding public keyis broadcast, but the identity of the sender is not verified by a thirdparty. Such a model implies that there is some level of trust betweenparties that is established outside of the CA. For example, the partiesmight communicate via a secure leased line, or validate certificatesout-of-band (e.g., through e-mail or the Web).

In contrast, a PKI binds public keys to entities, enables other entitiesto verify public key bindings, and provides the services needed forongoing management of keys in a distributed system. PKI ensures that theentity identified as sending the transaction is actually the originator,that the entity receiving the transaction is the intended recipient, andthat data integrity has not been compromised. A certificate binds anidentity (Distinguished Name or DN) to a public key. Informationencrypted with the public key can only be decrypted with itscorresponding private key, and vice versa. Under the PKI model, thesender's gateway 110 would require a private key, held securely locallywith the gateway 110, and a certificate with which the correspondingpublic key is broadcast. The key pair can be generated while creating acertificate application, which, when completed, is sent to the CAassociated with the local user. It is the responsibility of the CA toverify the applicant's identity, to maintain a Certificate RevocationList (CRL) and to publish a list of valid certificates by DistinguishedName (DN). When the CA has satisfied its verification requirements, thecertificate is sent to the gateway 110 and added to the list of validcertificates maintained by the gateway 110.

The list of valid message recipients for a given gateway 110 can bemaintained and published by the CA associated with the (local) user. Thegateway 110 can maintain a cached copy of such a list. Before each timethe list is used, the gateway 110 can ensure, via a suitablecommunication link with the CA, that the list is up-to-date. The listcan be made available to the (local) client application device 105, viathe gateway 110, for presentation to the user while selecting themessage recipient.

The decision about which message blocks, if any, to sign or encrypt andunder what conditions is controlled by the users. More particularly,such information can be part of the envelope definition that isdistributed to all members of the MOI. For each envelope block, thesigning/encryption can be specified as being either mandatory, optionalor not allowed. Signing data includes encrypting the data digest with aprivate key associated with a certificate. The gateways 110 can beconfigured to support the ability to sign only a portion of the data ina message. For example, particular blocks of data in an XML message(e.g., header blocks or payload blocks) can be signed. The standardsecurity processing generally prohibits a signed message block frombeing changed by any intermediate gateway 110. However, if it isnecessary for an intermediate gateway 110 to change signed messageblocks, a copy of the original message block can be included in themessage (along with its signature), then changes can be made to the copyand the copy signed.

Encrypting data generally includes the generation of a symmetric key,encrypting the message data with that key, and then encrypting the keywith the public key of the intended recipient. As with signatures, thegateways 110 can be configured to support the ability to encryptspecific blocks of data in an XML message. However, the security blockof a message will not be encrypted.

According to exemplary embodiments, certain processing occurs before asecure message is transmitted. Such processing can be performed by thecommunication modules 245, and can include the following, for example:acquire the certificate for the sender; look up the certificate for therecipient; validate the certificate; sign the gateway message orselected parts thereof; and encrypt the gateway message or selectedparts thereof. Additional and/or alternative steps can also be performedby the communication modules 245 and/or the message processing module240.

According to exemplary embodiments, if a received gateway message (orparts thereof) has been signed or encrypted, the message processingmodule 240 or the communication modules 245 can process the gatewaymessage in, for example, the following manner after the gateway messageis passed from the associated queue listener: extract the certificatefrom the gateway message; validate the received certificate; validatethe gateway message signature; and if encrypted, decrypt the gatewaymessage or the encrypted parts thereof. The various modules of thegateway 110 can then process the decrypted gateway message to pass thetransaction information to the (local) client application device 105.

Each gateway 110 can include a keystore that is configured to store theprivate key of the sender, as well as certificates for other (remote)gateways 110 with which the (local) gateway 110 can communicate. Such akeystore can be kept up-to-date to reflect additions/deletions ofparticipants from the list of possible message recipients, and toreflect changes to individual certificates (e.g., when a certificateexpires). The keystore can be maintained and accessed differently,depending on whether the MOI is using self-signed certificates or PKI.

When a new gateway 110 joins the MOI of system 100, the certificate forthe new gateway 110 is distributed to all participants who are allowedto exchange messages with the new gateway 110. The keystores of thoseparticipants are then be updated with the new certificate. In theself-signed certificates model, the gateways 110 can create thecertificates and have the certificates distributed to all the otherparticipating gateways 110 (e.g., through a centralized distributionfacility) so that the keystores of those gateways 110 can be updated. Inthe PKI model, the CA is the trusted third party responsible for vettingand confirming the identities of the gateways 110. The CA can provide acentral location for certificate storage and distribution.

As discussed previously, the gateways 110 use the abstract queues tosend and receive messages. According to an exemplary embodiment, theabstract queues can be responsible for message transport security. Forexample, if a JMS message broker using SSL is used, then such atransport security mechanism is abstracted from the gateway 110processing, given the nature of the abstract queues. Thus, the gateway110 simply places a message on the abstract queue, and the abstractqueue will perform all necessary subsequent processing to ensure themessage transport security.

The system 100 is also configured to support non-repudiation of deliveryfor gateway messages. Non-repudiation of delivery provides proof thatthe recipient received a gateway message, and that the recipientrecognized the content of the gateway message (e.g., the message couldbe understood by the receiving gateway 110, although this does notnecessarily imply that the gateway message could be understood/consumedby the (remote) client application device 105). The security model forthe gateways 110 can use self-signed X.509 certificates or the like toachieve non-repudiation, which does not involve the services of a CA.Such a model can provide a base level of non-repudiation of delivery. Ifa trusted third party is required for an additional level of security,the gateways 110 can be enabled and configured for PKI security, whichrequires a CA. Whichever level is selected, non-repudiation can beprovided without using a central service. In such a scenario,non-repudiation can be provided by the combination of digital signaturesand timestamps included on transactions messages. With the addition ofPKI, such signatures are vetted by the certificate chain that includes atrusted root (the CA).

However, a central service can be added, where gateway messages markedfor non-repudiation can automatically pass and be recorded in a centralarchive. Such a scenario can add some amount of processing overhead, butalso offers a non-repudiation resolution service in which all recordsare easily accessible, storage can be rigorously controlled, and thelike. Alternatively, such functionality can be provided without using acentral service. However, if the storage of gateway messages isscattered over a number of member repositories, some of which might havearchived messages to offline storage, collecting the records required toprove non-repudiation may become somewhat more challenging.Nevertheless, storing gateway messages in member repositories only, asopposed to a central archive, assures that each member controls its ownrepository and need not entrust the control of storing gateway messagesto a third party overseeing the central archive.

The gateway 110 includes a repository or data storage module 250 incommunication with the gateway 110. The data storage module 250, whichcan also be referred to as a data store, is configured to storeinformation transmitted and received by the gateway 110, and any otherinformation maintained by the gateway 110. For example, the data storagemodule 250 can be used to enable reporting on the state of any gatewaymessage. For example, when a gateway message is transmitted, thecommunication modules 245 can store the gateway message in the datastorage module 250 after final processing of the gateway message iscompleted and before placing the gateway message on the appropriateabstract queue. When a gateway message is received, the appropriatequeue listener can store the gateway message in the data storage module250 before processing of the message begins. The information queuemodule 205 can update the message (e.g., the status of the message)before the associated transaction information is communicated to the(local) client application device 105. The database storage module 250can comprise any suitable type of computer database or computer storagedevice that is capable of storing data. However, the structure of thedatabase storage module 250 can be based on the object model, which isthe normative data model that is used by all members of the MOI ofsystem 100.

The data storage module 250 can also contain the information necessaryfor the gateway 110 to operate. However, each of these local datastorage modules 250 is, in aggregate, an integral part of the BTA, asthe data storage modules 250 are where the data for the BTA can bestored. While the information in the data storage modules 250 can beaccessible and of interest to the (local) client application device 105being serviced by the gateway 110, the format and schema of the datastorage module 250 can be defined in the process of creating a BTA.

Other types of information that can be maintained in the data storagemodule 250 include the message and payload states. The data storagemodule 250 can persist message and payload states until the transactionwith which they are associated is complete. The state of a gatewaymessage can change as a result of, for example, processing by thegateway 110. For example, the receipt of a gateway message by thereceiving gateway 110 can trigger an acknowledgement to the sendinggateway 110. Such an acknowledgement can be associated with the sentgateway message, and result in a change in the reported state of the(received) gateway message. Queries of the data storage module 250 canprovide reports on the state of gateway messages and transactions thathave been processed by a gateway 110. The message and payloadinformation persisted in the data storage module 250 can be retaineduntil such information is explicitly removed. However, the data storagemodule 250 is both a cache and a persistence mechanism, handling theever-changing stream of information being processed by the gateway 110,as opposed to a more traditional database, which stores informationpermanently for later retrieval.

The data storage module 250 can also hold any or all metadata needed bya gateway 110, such as the XML schemas associated with message payloads,the maps used to transform messages, and the like. Additionally, sincethe data storage modules 250 associated with each gateway 110 canprovide data storage in the aggregate for a BTA, the data storagemodules 150 can also be used to store other information in addition topersisted gateway messages. In particular, such additional informationcan include a wide variety of setting and configuration files. Also, thedata storage modules 250 can contain information that can be used tomonitor activity of a local gateway 110 or to monitor the BTA as awhole.

The data storage modules 250 are further configured to support “dataframe” functionality. The data frame provides a mechanism for cuttingand/or copying datasets from the data storage module 250 and preservingthese datasets as, for example, a large XML document or other like dataformat. The gateways 110 can access such data frames using the sameinterface used to read data from the data storage modules 250.Additionally, import capabilities allow information within the dataframe to be imported into the data storage module 250. For example, dataframes can be used for secondary back-up and restore. The primaryback-up can rely on the conventional back-up capabilities of thedatabase used by the data storage module 250. The data frames can alsobe used for secure archiving. Such a feature involves cutting data fromthe data storage module 250, signing the “cut” data and storing suchsigned data as an XML document. The archived data can be read (by thosethat have permission) at anytime without the need for any specialprogram.

The data frames can further be used for bulk transmission of informationstored in the data storage module 250. For example, any query into thedata storage module 250 can become a data frame that can then be sent asthe payload in a gateway message to another member in the MOI or sentexternally as an XML document. The data frames can be used for thetransmission of metadata sets. Metadata can be expressed in XMLdocuments and stored. The distribution of metadata can be accomplishedby creating appropriate data frames of such metadata for distribution toand processing by the gateways 110. The data frames can also be used forsigned, complete self-contained messages. In certain situations, it maybecome necessary to send a self-describing, self-contained gatewaymessage with all of the information relevant to that gateway messageincluding, for example, the original version of the message, any localtransformations, the XML schema defining the payload, message history,and the like. All such information can be captured as a data frame,signed for robust non-repudiation, and sent as the payload of a gatewaymessage. The data frame functionality can be used for other processingin conjunction with the data storage module 250.

The security of the data storage module 250 can be performed using thetrusted database account principle. Such a principle means that a fixeduser account is used to access the data stored in the data storagemodule 250, but the user will not be able to manipulate or access thedatabase directly. The gateway 10 can access the database using a userID and password that can be encrypted and stored within a localconfiguration file stored in the gateway 110. The user ID and passwordcan be generated by the installer when the gateway 110 is installed forthe first time.

The gateway messages stored in the data storage module 250 do not needto be encrypted. However, the transactions messages can be encoded. Suchencoding allows any Unicode characters to reside in the gateway messagebody without restrictions. For example, Base64 encoding can be used,although any suitable encoding scheme can be used. A signature can bestored together with each gateway message in the data storage module 250to ensure data integrity. The signature can include a digest of thegateway message (such as a CRC, MD5 or the like), and be encrypted withthe private installation key. The private installation key can begenerated when the gateway 110 is installed for the first time, on a perinstallation basis, and stored securely. The generated key can beencrypted with a static private key internal to the gateway 110, andstored in several locations, such as, for example, a special table inthe data storage module 250, a settings file and the like. The gateway110 can check the signature each time the gateway 110 opens a gatewaymessage from the data storage module 250. If the gateway message wastampered with, the gateway can log an entry in a log file and cancel theopening of the gateway message in question.

Any or all information contained in the data storage module 250 can bearchived at any suitable time. The data in an archive can comprise one(perhaps large) XML file (or other suitable data format) containing allor substantially all of the archived gateway messages, and any relevantrecords used by those gateway messages. Both gateway messages and datacan be Base64 encoded or the like. Although the data in the archive canbe encrypted, there is no requirement to do so. Once the archive file iscreated, a checksum can be computed using, for example, the SHAalgorithm or other suitable checksum algorithm. The archived data fileand the digest can then be compressed together in, for example, a ZIPfile or the like for storage or for transmission to another site, forexample, for offsite storage. When the archived data file is loaded, thedigest of the archived data file can be calculated and compared with thedecrypted checksum stored in the ZIP file. If the two do not match, therestore operation can be aborted, and the appropriate security violationlogs can be written.

Referring to FIG. 1, the system 100 can include a transactionadministrator 115. The transaction administrator 115 can be incommunication with each or any of the gateways 110 in the system 110.The transaction administrator 115 can be used to measure and maintainthe gateways 110. The transaction administrator 115 can also be used tomonitor any suitable statistics of the gateways 110 (e.g., number ofmessages sent and received by each gateway 110, errors, diskreads/writes from/to data storage modules 250, and the like). Anysuitable number of transaction administrators 115 can be used in thesystem 100 to maintain and monitor the gateways 110. According to anexemplary embodiment, the transaction administrator 115 can be comprisedof a gateway 110 with the administrative capabilities to configure,measure, monitor, maintain and otherwise govern the other gateways 110in the system 100.

The transaction administrator 115 can be configured to administer andupdate each gateway 110 via automated administrative messages, a processreferred to herein as “injection.” Thus, the transaction administrator115 can distribute updates to each or any gateway 110 using suitableadministrative messages. The administrative messages can be of the samestructure as the gateway messages, such as the structure of gatewaymessage 300 illustrated in FIG. 3. Any suitable feature of the gateways110 can be updated independently through injection, including, forexample, the object model, the XML model, the mapping between the objectmodel and XML model, business transaction definitions, global validationrules, envelope processing configuration, abstract queueimplementations, local processing action lists and associated classes,formatter maps (includes local validation), configuration files, map andconfiguration file structures, and the like.

In addition, any custom processing performed in the gateways 110 (e.g.,via the first and second custom-processor modules 210 and 220) can beupdated using appropriate administrative message sent from thetransaction administrator 115. For example, the administrative messages,like the gateway messages, can provide a definable block in the envelopeof the administrative message that is configured to provide parametersfor the customized processes. The features of the gateways 10 can beupdated using suitably-encrypted secure administrative messages. Inother words, the administrative message are configured to utilizemessage security in a manner similar to that used in the gatewaymessages (e.g., individual blocks can be encrypted and signed, and thelike). Additionally, the transaction administrator 115 can be configuredto query one or more gateways 110 to ascertain the status of atransaction, using the unique transaction ID tags, envelope ID tags,message ID tags or other identifying information contained in a gatewaymessage. The administrative messages used by the transactionadministrator 115 can also be used to query any data stored in any datastorage module 250 associated with any gateway 110.

The gateways 110 include processing that can ensure reliability in caseof failure. The gateway 110 can achieve such reliability by usingcheckpoints at various points of the process between the modules of thegateway 110. A checkpoint is a transactional boundary that verifies themessage is ready for the next step. A checkpoint sends a signal to theprior checkpoint indicating that the message was successfully processed.The prior checkpoint can then remove that message from whatever storagemechanism was used. If an error condition occurs along the way to thenext checkpoint, or a timeout occurs and the message never reaches it,the whole transaction is rolled back to the state of the message as itexisted at the prior checkpoint.

For example, a checkpoint can be located in the information queue module205 at the interface to the client application device 105. A failurethat occurs before this point can be handled by the abstract queue usedto communicate with the client application device 105. For a transmittedmessage, a checkpoint can be located at the output of the communicationmodule 245. Failure before this point can roll the message back to thestate it was in at the checkpoint for the information queue module 205.Once the gateway message passes the checkpoint at the communicationmodule 245, the gateway message can be stored in the data storage module250. For received gateway messages, failure before this point can rollthe message back to the state it was in at the checkpoint at the outputof the communication module 245 of the sending gateway 110, that is, tothe state of the message when it was sent (which is persisted in thedata storage module 250 of the sending gateway 110). If the gatewaymessage is received correctly, processed, but fails at the checkpointfor the information queue module 205 (i.e., before the transactioninformation is passed to the client application device 105), the messagecan be rolled back to the state it was in when received (i.e., at thecheckpoint of the communication module 245). It should be noted thatwhen a gateway message is passed to an error queue, the transaction isconsidered to be complete.

According to exemplary embodiments, the universe of message exchangesthat can be used in a BTA is defined by business transactions that canbe described utilizing activity diagrams. (An activity diagram isgraphic way of describing the interaction between objects or processes.)In the case of a business transaction, the activity diagram can describethe interaction between gateways 110. Each business transaction startsby an initiator client application device 105 placing a message(transaction information) on a queue. The message is processed by thegateway 110 and then placed on the abstract queue associated with thecommunication module 245 to be picked up by one or more target gateways110 for use by the (remote) client application device 105.

One difference between the BTAs supported by the system 100 and thebusiness transactions supported by more general BTMs and workflow toolsis that nested transactions need not be used by the system 100. Thereason for this is that a compound transaction can be suspended with allits states and then resumed, as discussed previously. Such a mechanismrenders nested transactions unnecessary. Such a capability can keeptransactions smaller and simpler, and can allow a more arbitrary anddynamic aggregation of basic transactions.

The set of business transactions supported in a BTA according toexemplary embodiments can be expressed through stylized UML activitydiagrams. The business transaction definition determines the entireroute of a message. It can be visualized as an activity diagram showingeither a one-step transaction or a Request/Response. FIG. 4 illustratesa one-step transaction using an activity diagram, in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4, a messageexchange occurs from A to B that passes through two central services, s1and s2. When A initiates the message, the business transactiondefinition specifies a central service gateway 110, s1, as the nextdestination. For example, the next destination can be a credit checkservice, an audit repository, or the like. The service is specifiedgenerically, and it is up to the gateway 110 to resolve the actualendpoint address of the service before the message is sent. The businesstransaction definition used for a particular message and transactiontype can be the same at all gateways 110. Such commonality makes itpossible to resolve addresses in two ways: 1.) the initiator candetermine all of the addresses at the outset and specify them within therouting block of the message header; or 2.) each gateway 110 can specifythe address of the next gateway 110. As discussed previously, theaddress resolution is performed by the communication module 245.

According to exemplary embodiments, a message acknowledgment, referredto herein as a “business acknowledgment,” is an administrative messagesent from one gateway 110 to another gateway 110 indicating positivereceipt of a gateway message. It should be noted that negativeacknowledgments are always sent if there is a delivery failure or othererror. A business acknowledgment can contain any suitable type ofacknowledgment information about the original message, such as, forexample: the message ID block, which provides unambiguous identifyinginformation about the message; and the history block, which includes arecord of each gateway 110 where the message has previously stopped. Thebusiness transaction definition can specify the business acknowledgmentbehavior. There should be at least one business acknowledgment in abusiness transaction definition. When a gateway message reaches adestination on its itinerary, the business transaction definition canspecify one or more gateways 110 that should receive a businessacknowledgment. The gateways 110 that were part of the message's routecan be sent a business acknowledgment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a one-step transaction with a businessacknowledgment, using an activity diagram, in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 5, a one-steptransaction from gateway A to gateway B occurs. Once the gateway messageis (successfully) received at gateway B, a business acknowledgment 505is sent from the destination (B) to the origin (A). FIG. 6 illustrates aone-step transaction with two business acknowledgments, using anactivity diagram, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention. In FIG. 6, a one-step transaction again occurs fromgateway A to gateway B. However, the destination (B) now sends twobusiness acknowledgments, one (610) to s2 and another (605) to theorigin (A). In FIG. 6, gateway B sends both business acknowledgments; s2does not send the business acknowledgment to gateway A.

FIG. 7 illustrates a Request/Response transaction, using an activitydiagram, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention. Request/Response transactions are defined where theinformation in the request gateway message is, in effect, a query andthe information in the response gateway message provides the answer tothat query. It should be noted that the response gateway message shouldreturn to the initiating client application device 105, but does notnecessarily have to pass through the same gateways 110 as the requestgateway message. In FIG. 7, gateway A sends a request to gateway B (step1). Gateway B sends a business acknowledgment to gateway A toacknowledge the request (step 2). Gateway B then sends the reply togateway A (step 3). Gateway A then sends a business acknowledgment togateway B to acknowledge the reply (step 4). Many such businesstransaction, both one-step and multi-step, can be specified using suchactivity diagrams.

Each of components of the system 100, including the gateways 110 andtransaction administrator 115, and each of the modules of the gateway110, including the information queue module 205, the firstcustom-processor module 210, the formatter module 215, the secondcustom-processor module 220, the mapping module 225, the validationmodule 230, the data enrichment module 235, the message processingmodule 240, the communication modules 245 and the data storage module250, or any combination thereof, can be comprised of any suitable typeof electrical or electronic component or device that is capable ofperforming the functions associated with the respective element.According to such an exemplary embodiment, each component or device canbe in communication with another component or device using anyappropriate type of electrical connection that is capable of carryingelectrical information. Alternatively, each of the components of thesystem 100 and the modules of the gateways 110 and transactionadministrator 115 can be comprised of any combination of hardware,firmware and software that is capable of performing the functionassociated with the respective component or module.

Alternatively, the gateways 110 and transaction administrator 115 caneach be comprised of a microprocessor and associated memory that storesthe steps of a computer program to perform the functions of the modulesof the respective components. The microprocessor can be any suitabletype of processor, such as, for example, any type of general purposemicroprocessor or microcontroller, a digital signal processing (DSP)processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), aprogrammable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM), an electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), a computer-readable medium, or the like. The memory can be anysuitable type of computer memory or any other type of electronic storagemedium, such as, for example, read-only memory (ROM), random accessmemory (RAM), cache memory, compact disc read-only memory (CDROM),electro-optical memory, magneto-optical memory, or the like. As will beappreciated based on the foregoing description, the memory can beprogrammed using conventional techniques known to those having ordinaryskill in the art of computer programming. For example, the actual sourcecode or object code of the computer program can be stored in the memory.

In addition, the communication links between the gateways 110 andbetween the gateways 110 and transaction administrator 115 can becomprised of any suitable type of communication medium or channel (e.g.,either wired or wireless) capable of transmitting and receivingelectrical information. Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 1, each ofthe client application devices 105 can be comprised of a suitable userapplication (e.g., a software application) that is either separate from(e.g., first, second and third client application devices 105) orintegral with (e.g., Mth client application device 105) the associatedgateway 110. The system 100 can include a graphical user interface. Thegraphical user interface can be configured to provide access to andmanagement of the gateways 110, for example, using the transactionadministrator 115.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are configured tofacilitate the automatic initiation, processing and completion of atransaction. Any suitable type of transaction that can be performedelectronically using one or more steps can be supported by the system100. For example, the transaction can be one or more of a commercialtransaction, a legal transaction, a financial transaction, agovernmental transaction, a medical transaction, a civic transaction, asocial transaction, or other suitable transaction. In other words, thetransaction can be associated with one or more or a banking industry, atrading/securities/financial industry, a healthcare industry, atelecommunication industry, a satellite service industry, an energyindustry, a utility industry, a manufacturing industry, an automotiveindustry, a pharmaceutical industry or other like industry. Severalexamples of application of the system 100 to various types oftransaction for various types of industries will be discussed.

With respect to the banking industry, assume that the Treasury Systemsdivision within a bank wishes to receive automatic payment transactionsfrom their corporate customers. The bank has a specific back-endapplication format that they desire for all transactions received. Thebank also has certain data content, data validation, and other rules towhich the bank desires that each automatic transaction conform. Eachcustomer has application systems that utilize a format or formatsdifferent than that desired by the bank. Exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention can allow such disparate application systems (betweenthe bank and the bank's customers) to automatically exchange paymentswithout modification to either the bank's or the customers'applications.

The bank begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include the contentrequirements of each desired payment transaction. The bank defines thenormative data model, data validation rules, security requirements andrules, custom processes, data enrichment processes, routing rules, errorhandling processes, and other pertinent processes. The bank thenconfigures a copy of the gateway 110 to operate within the bank, wherebyeach valid transaction received from another copy of the gateway 110 istranslated from normative information into the bank's desired format forits back-office processing by the bank's client application device 105.

The bank then configures a copy of the gateway 110 at the site of eachcorporate customer from whom they desire to receive automatic paymenttransactions. The gateway 110 is configured to operate with eachcustomer's local application(s) (i.e., the client application devices105). The gateway 110 processes payments from the format used by thatcustomer's client application device 105 into the format (non-normativeinformation) used by the customer's version of the gateway 110. Thecustomer's version of the gateway 110 then validates, enriches, secures,records, logs the data according to the processes and/or rulesestablished by the bank, returning errors to the customer as configured,and then sends successful payment gateway messages, in normative form,to the bank. The gateway messages are received by the gateway 110located at the bank, checked against all content and validation rules,then processed from normative form into the format used by the bank'sgateway 110, logged, confirmed and processed into the transactioninformation used by the bank's back-office application. Automatedpayment transactions can then flow from the gateways 110 located atcustomer sites to the gateway 110 located at the bank site—flowingpayments from customer applications to the bank's back-officeapplication, without modification to either the bank's or the customers'applications.

With respect to closed-end trading exchanges, assume that a group ofcompanies or an independent Solution Provider wishes to create aclosed-end trading network between selective buyers and sellers of aparticular commodity, avoiding certain issues that they have on publictrading forums such as the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYME). Such aservice requires specific formats to be interchanged betweenparticipating companies. However, each buyer and seller currently hasexisting application systems that utilize different formats foranalyzing and registering trades. The trading closed-end network cannotsucceed unless these disparate systems can be linked. Exemplaryembodiments of the present invention can allow such disparateapplication systems (between the buyers and the sellers) toautomatically exchange the data required for successful commoditytrading without modification to any potential counter-party'sapplications.

Exemplary embodiments can allow the Solution Provider to determine therequirements of the transactions that will be processed (e.g., a formatcould be a simple trade of a fixed amount, at a fixed time, at a fixedprice, or it could be a complex structure in which the amounts, timingof receipt of amount, price paid for each amount received, andcredit/payment instructions vary). The Solution Provider defines thetypes of transactions (e.g., bid, offer, execute). The Solution Provideralso defines data content, data validation, and other rules to whicheach transaction must conform (e.g., how anonymity is protected duringthe trading process, how to bill for the use of the system, and thelike). The Solution Provider begins by configuring a gateway 110 toinclude the content and processing requirements of each desiredtransaction. The Solution Provider then defines the normative datamodel, data validation rules, security requirements and rules, customprocesses, data enrichment processes, routing rules, error handlingprocesses, administrative messages and rules, and other pertinentprocesses. The Solution Provider then configures a copy of the gateway110 so that the gateway 110 can receive valid gateway messages fromanother copy of the gateway 110.

The Solution Provider then configures a copy of the gateway 110 at thesite of each buyer and seller with whom they desire to be participantsin the closed trading network. Each of these gateways 110 is configuredto operate with that particular customer's local application(s) (i.e.,the client application devices 105). The gateway 110 is also configuredto interact with all other gateways 110 within the closed network,through the passing of normative information in the form of gatewaymessages. Each gateway 110 can process information in the format of thatparticipant's local client application device 105 into the format usedby that participant's version of the gateway 110. The participant'sversion of the gateway 110 then validates, enriches, secures, records,logs the data according to the processes and/or rules established by theservice provider as well as rules and processes that the customerthemselves can establish (e.g., what specific trading parties to whom aparticular type or amount of transaction will be routed, details on thepayment of the transaction), returning errors to the customer asconfigured, and then sending successful commodity trading gatewaymessages, in normative form, to another participant. The gatewaymessages are received by the gateway 110 located at the otherparticipant's site, checked against all content and validation rules,then processed from normative form into the format used by thatparticipant's gateway 110, logged, confirmed and then processed into thetransaction information used by the participant's (local) application.Accordingly, automated bids and purchases of the commodity can then flowfrom the gateways 110 located at each participant's site to the gateways110 located at other participants' sites—flowing trades from eachparticipant's application to other participants' applications, withoutmodification. A similar scenario can be used by a Solution Provider whowishes to create a private closed-end trading network between buyers andsellers of a security, a derivative of a security, or some otherfinancial instrument.

With respect to utilities, the smooth supply of electricity relies onmany different enterprises, such as, for example, generation suppliers,utilities that supply/manage the distribution of electricity, andtransmission entities that are responsible for the transport ofelectricity. For a particular region, there is an Independent ServiceOperator (ISO) that is assigned the responsibility that all of theseentities work together. Such collaboration involves the real-timeexchange of numerous messages to balance electricity demand and supplyand, most importantly, making sure that remittance information andrecords are properly conveyed. To ensure efficiency, the network ofentities managed by the ISO is best served if the various messages,reports, and datasets can be directly integrated to the appropriatesoftware applications that process this information in each entity.Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can allow the ISO toutilize standard formats for the messages, reports and datasets, whileat the same time allowing each entity involved to map these standards tothere own internal formats. In addition, exemplary embodiments can allowentities to maintain records of pending and completed transactions, aswell as being able to produce archived information that can provide thebasis for non-repudiation of a transaction by any of the partiesinvolved in that transaction.

The ISO begins by configuring a transaction administrator 115 to includethe definitions of a normative data model for all messages, reports anddatasets to be exchanged. The ISO also configures a transactionadministrator 115 with administrative information such as the data aboutthe bilateral and multi-lateral agreements between the entities forwhich it is responsible, the definition of any administrative messages,such as queries of each involved entity's data store to determine thestate of transactions, and the like. The ISO then distributes andverifies the installation of one or more gateways 110 to each entity inits network of responsibility. Along with the installation, the ISOprovides in a secure a manner a private key that uniquely identifieseach gateway 110 for each entity. Such a procedure allows the entitiesto uniquely encrypt and digitally sign messages reports and datasets.The entity can then execute administrative transactions with the ISOthat provide, for example, information about which other entities it canexchange messages, definitions of the transaction to be executed,definitions of the content of the messages, reports, datasets to be usedin those transactions, and the like. Next, an entity, using the toolsprovided with the gateway 110, can integrate messages to the internalapplications (i.e., the client application devices 105), specifically byconfiguring the appropriate transport wrapper and by mapping internalformats to the normative message definitions provided by the ISO.

Messages, reports and datasets can now flow from the client applicationdevices 105 in one entity to the ISO or another allowed entity. Aspectsof any messages, reports, and datasets can be encrypted and/or digitallysigned to ensure the reliability and security of a transaction. Eachentity can have local, protected information of transactions in which ithas been involved. The ISO can have access to relevant information fromall entities through its administrative queries. The ISO manages acomplex, dynamic set of entities and relationships. Changingrequirements require message, reports and dataset formats to be modifiedor created. These changes can be efficiently handled in a non-disruptiveand dynamic manner through the administrative message and re-mappingcapabilities of the gateway 110 and transaction administrator 115.

With respect to inventory management, assume that a large manufacturerdesires real-time, just-in-time, inventory purchase and supply for allnecessary parts from their parts suppliers, based upon actual real-timeorders from their dealers and distributors. Such ability optimizesinventory turn ratios, enhances sales through ability to fill orders ina timely manner, and ensures that only the correct pieces and parts arepurchased. However, each parts supplier utilizes a differentparts-ordering system, with different data types and formats thatprohibit on-line interaction. Each of these systems is built usingdiffering technologies, differing data formats, and there is no capacityto receive orders from other computer systems, no capacity to identifypart availability or price back to the manufacturer, and no capacity toroll up the collective information into a cohesive, accurate, real-timeability for the manufacturer to purchase parts automatically. Exemplaryembodiments of the present invention can allow such disparate partssystems (between the various suppliers, and the manufacturer) toautomatically exchange part availability, price, quantity, and otherdesired information without modification to any of the existing systems(either suppliers' or manufacturer's).

The Solution Provider begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include thecontent requirements of each desired parts transaction. The SolutionProvider defines the normative data model, data validation rules,security requirements and rules, custom processes, data enrichmentprocesses, routing rules, error handling processes, and other pertinentprocesses. The Solution Provider then configures a copy of the gateway110 to operate at the manufacture's site, whereby each valid partstransaction received from another copy of the gateway 110 is translatedfrom the normative form into the Manufacturer's desired format for itsprocessing by the Manufacturer's local application.

The Solution Provider then configures a copy of the gateway 110 at thesite of each supplier's system from whom they desire to receiveautomatic parts transactions. The gateway 110 is configured to operatewith each supplier's local parts application(s) (i.e., the clientapplication devices 105). The gateway 110 processes transactions fromthe format used by the supplier's client application device 105 into theformat used by the supplier's gateway 110. Each supplier's version ofthe gateway 110 then validates, enriches, secures, records, logs thedata according to the processes and/or rules established by the solutionprovider, returning errors to the supplier's system as configured, andthen sends successful parts gateway messages, in normative form, to themanufacturer's system. The gateway messages are received by the gateway110 located at the manufacturer, checked against all content andvalidation rules, then processed from normative form into the formatused by the manufacturer's gateway 110, logged, confirmed and processedinto the transaction information used by the manufacturer's localapplication. Accordingly, automated parts orders can then flow from thegateways 110 located at each of the supplier sites to the gateway 110located at the manufacturer—flowing part transactions from each remote,diverse, supplier application to the manufacturer's application, withoutmodification to the manufacturer's or any of the existing supplierapplications.

With respect to the government, the federal government desiresup-to-date visibility and accuracy on all aspects of military-relatedinventory, including personnel, ordinance, and military logistics,across all divisions of the armed forces, and across allstate-controlled divisions of the National Guard. Such information isvital to national defense. However, each armed service utilizesdifferent logistical tracking systems, sometimes multiple systems. Eachis built using differing technologies, differing data formats, and thereis no capacity to share changes within any singular tracking system withany other tracking system, no capacity to move inventory between onetracking system and any other, and no capacity to roll up the collectiveinformation into a cohesive, accurate, real-time status of all forces'inventory, ordinance or other pertinent information. Exemplaryembodiments of the present invention can allow such disparate logisticssystems (between the various branches of the armed forces, within eachforce, and with each state National Guard) to automatically exchangeinformation without modification to any of the existing systems.

The Solution Provider begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include thecontent requirements of each desired logistical information transaction.The Solution Provider defines the normative data model, data validationrules, security requirements and rules, custom processes, dataenrichment processes, routing rules, error handling processes, and otherpertinent processes. The Solution Provider then configures a copy of thegateway 110 to operate at the Federal level, whereby each valid logisticinformation transaction received from another copy of the gateway 110 istranslated from the normative form into the Federal system's desiredformat for its processing. The Solution Provider then configures a copyof the gateway 110 at the site of each logistics system from whom theydesire to receive automatic information transactions. The gateway 110 isconfigured to operate with each force's local logistic application(s)(i.e., the client application devices 105). The gateway 110 processespayments in the format used by the client application device 105 intothe format used by the force's version of the gateway 110. Each force'sversion of the gateway 110 then validates, enriches, secures, records,logs the data according to the processes and/or rules established by thesolution provider, returning errors to the local logistics system asconfigured, and then sends successful logistical gateway messages, innormative form, to the federal system.

The gateway messages are received by the gateway 110 located at thefederal level, checked against all content and validation rules, thenprocessed from normative form into the format used by the gateway 110 atthe federal level, logged, confirmed and processed into the transactioninformation used by the federal level local application. Accordingly,automated logistic information transactions can then flow from thegateways 110 located at each of the armed forces and state NationalGuard sites to the gateway 110 located at the federal level—flowinginformation from each remote, diverse, logistics application to theFederal applications, without modification to the Federal, state-levelor any armed forces existing logistics applications.

With respect to the insurance industry, assume that a Solution Providerwishes to create a direct network between all participants associatedwith processing and executing elements of a property insurance claimprocess. The participants in the property claims process can includeinsurance agents, claims adjustors, private contractors to bid andexecute specific work, inspectors, payment providers, and others. Whilethe collection of potential participants may desire to participate insuch a direct network, they must also participate in claims processesoutside of that network, as not all industry participants will join theservice simultaneously. Therefore, the interested participants may notbe willing to accept any requirements from the service provider thatforces them to change their current operations, the internal systemsthat they currently utilize, or use two different processes—one forclaims within the network and another for claims outside the network.The Solution Provider has specific data requirements and data formatsthat define such transactions and that encompass the type ofactivities/transactions received during the process of making,substantiating, and ruling on a claim. The Solution Provider also hascertain data content, data validation, and other rules that they desirethat each transaction conform to (e.g., what information a specificparticipant can access or cannot access in the transaction, a rule todetermine who is qualified to participate in this specific transactionin the claims process, etc.). However, each potential participant hasapplication systems that utilize a different data format or formats.Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can allow such disparateapplication systems (between all participants of the claims process) toautomatically exchange the specific formats or combination of theformats required of successful claims processing, without modificationto their applications.

The Solution Provider begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include thecontent requirements of each desired format of the pertinenttransactions. The Solution Provider defines the normative data model,data validation rules, security requirements and rules, customprocesses, data enrichment processes, routing rules, error handlingprocesses, and other pertinent processes. The Solution Provider thenconfigures a copy of the gateway 110 so that it can receive validtransactions from another copy of the gateway 110. The Solution Providerthen configures a copy of the gateway 110 for each participant with whomthey desire to participate in the transactions. The gateway 110 isconfigured to operate with each participant's local application(s)(i.e., the client application devices 105). The gateway 110 processestransactions in the format of that participant's client applicationdevice 105 into the format used by that participant's version of thegateway 110. The participant's version of the gateway 110 thenvalidates, enriches, secures, records, logs the data according to theprocesses and/or rules established by the Solution Provider as well asrules and processes that the participant themselves can establish,returning errors to the participant as configured, and then sendingsuccessful insurance claim gateway messages, in normative form, toanother participant. The gateway messages are received by the gateway110 located at the other participant's site, checked against all contentand validation rules, then processed from normative form into the formatused by that participant's gateway 110, logged, confirmed and processedinto the transaction information used by that participant's localapplication. Accordingly, automated transactions can then flow from thegateways 110 located at participant sites to the gateways 110 located atother participant's sites—flowing insurance claim transactions from oneparticipant's application to another participant's applications, withoutmodification.

The healthcare industry is currently characterized by a multitude ofdisparate organizations involved in the care of common patients. Thedifficulties associated with capturing critical patient data and makingit available in a timely fashion is a well-documented problem plaguingthe industry, often resulting in sub-par patient care, and alwaysresulting in excessive cost. Antiquated and disparate legacy systemswithin hospitals, physicians' offices, laboratories, pharmacies andinsurance companies, combined with patient confidentiality and privacyregulations, are at the root of a data sharing challenge that hassignificantly restricted the industry. Exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention can be used within the healthcare industry to addressmany aspects as such problems within the industry. Large, decentralizedorganizations (like health systems with affiliated hospitals, physicianpractices, laboratories, pharmacies, etc.) can be linked to exchangeinformation between them, efficiently and accurately, withoutconsolidating sensitive data into a single database. Individual serviceproviders, who have varying degrees of computer application ability, canlink into much larger networks of affiliates, without significant costor confusion. Within health systems, the present invention can enabledata to flow between disparate applications without requiring thesignificant outlay of financial resources and time necessary to alignextremely large legacy applications, such as medical records,enrollment, scheduling, pharmacy, laboratory, and billing. As a result,consistent information can be made available to all medicalprofessionals in a timely fashion, thereby contributing to the overallquality of care and customer service.

The Solution Provider begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include thecontent requirements of each desired format of the pertinenttransactions. The Solution Provider defines the content requirements ofeach desired healthcare transaction (e.g., an update to a medicalrecord, a prescription, or an order for a medical test, and the like).The Solution Provider then defines the normative data model, datavalidation rules, security requirements and rules, custom processes,data enrichment processes, routing rules, error handling processes, andother pertinent processes to perform against the data being transferred.A copy of the gateway 110 is then configured for each independent healthcare organization, whereby each valid transaction received from anothercopy of the gateway 110 is translated from the normative form into theformat used by that organization's gateway 110 to generate thetransaction information in the format used by that organization's localapplications. Using such a model, the originator of the data is able topush the content to all interested parties with no incremental effort,and the overall access to medical information is vastly improved. At notime is sensitive patient data exposed beyond those entities thatrequire the information.

In the pharmaceutical industry, every new drug can take up to 15 yearsand over 275 million dollars in clinical costs before the FDA approvesthe drug. A primary reason for the excessive time and the cost is theenormous problem of consolidation and analysis of clinical trial data.Each pharmaceutical company literally maintains warehouses ofpaper-based clinical trial data. It can take years for such data to beassembled, consolidated, analyzed, and conclusions drawn. In addition totime and cost, patients wait or even die. Assembling clinical trial datais problematic, because all of the pertinent participants(pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, clinics, doctors, pharmacies,etc.) utilize disparate data systems. The industry's answer to date forsuch a problem has been to use paper to record data—paper that is thensent to warehouses where it waits to be manually entered into aconsolidated system. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention inthe pharmaceutical industry can allow such disparate application systems(hospitals, clinics, doctors, pharmacies, etc.) to automatically sendpertinent clinical trial data to the pharmaceutical company, withoutmodification to any of their existing applications, and without the useof paper. The present invention can allow a pharmaceutical company todetermine the requirements of the information that must be captured fora successful clinical trial, (i.e. patient history, age, weight,symptoms, etc., etc.). The pharmaceutical company then defines the typesof transactions (e.g., routine data update, emergency data update, etc).The pharmaceutical company also defines data content, data validation,and other rules that they require each trial record to conform to (e.g.,how patient anonymity is protected at all times during the clinicaltrail, while important drug information is captured and sent on, etc.).

The pharmaceutical company begins by configuring a gateway 110 toinclude the content and processing requirements of each desired clinicaltrial transaction. The pharmaceutical company then defines the normativedata model, data validation rules, security requirements and rules,custom processes, data enrichment processes, routing rules, errorhandling processes, administrative messages and rules, and otherpertinent processes. The pharmaceutical company then configures a localcopy of the gateway 110 so that the gateway 110 can receive validclinical updates from any other copy of the gateway 110, and so that anyclinical updates that are received are processed into the formatrequired by existing analysis applications within the pharmaceuticalcompany, or to a new application.

The pharmaceutical company then configures a copy of the gateway 110 atthe site of each doctor, hospital, or clinic with whom they desire to beparticipants in the closed clinical trail. Each gateway 110 isconfigured to operate with that particular health care provider'sapplication(s) (i.e., the client application devices 105). The gateway110 is also configured to interact with the pharmaceutical company'sgateway 110, passing to it normative versions of the clinical datatransactions. Each gateway 110 processes transaction information fromthat health care provider's client application device 105 into theformat used by that health care provider's version of the gateway 110.The health care provider's version of the gateway 110 then validates,enriches, secures, records, logs the data according to the processesand/or rules established by the pharmaceutical company, as well as rulesand processes that the health care provider's themselves can establish(e.g., local logging of their patients' data that was sent on to thepharmaceutical), returning errors to the health care provider asconfigured, and then sending successful healthcare gateway messages, innormative form, to the pharmaceutical company. The gateway messages arereceived by the gateway 110 located at the pharmaceutical company site,checked against all content and validation rules, then processed fromnormative form into the format used by the pharmaceutical company'sgateway 110, logged, confirmed and processed into the transactioninformation used by the pharmaceutical company's local applications.Accordingly, automated clinical trial data can then flow from thegateways 110 located at each health care provider's site to the gateways110 located at the pharmaceutical company's site—flowing healthcare datafrom each health care provider's application to the pharmaceuticalcompany's applications without modification, saving time, cost, and evenlives.

Another significant challenge facing the health industry today is theexpense and difficulty in servicing the process of HMO claims.Healthcare administration costs currently run at 25% or more of revenue,as compared to less than 5% in the financial industry. Such a disparityis due to the complexity of the healthcare industry, coupled with thehealthcare industry's lack of automated processing capabilities. HMOplans are riddled with industry rules and requirements that the memberand the health care providers must adhere to in order to receive benefitpayments from the insurance companies. For example, referrals andpre-authorizations are typically required for services delivered by aprovider other than the member's PCP, or out of the member's homeservice area. Getting the right information to the various partiesinvolved (providers, labs, pharmacies, and insurers) is today generallydone by telephone or fax, often leading to errors, as the rightinformation is not always provided in the right format. Time delaysoften result, both in receiving the service and paying claims for theservice. The information is passed via telephone, because the providers'current data systems are different from the insurer's, and will notintegrate easily. Another example of the inefficiency that this causesis that the information a PCP may communicate to a pharmacy or lab maynot always be the full data the pharmacy or lab may require.Furthermore, claims submitted to an insurer, even electronicallysubmitted claims, may have data issues, such as, for example, missing orincomplete data, that require human intervention to fix. Using exemplaryembodiments of the present invention, the providers, insurers, labs,pharmacies can automatically communicate with each other in automated,interactive fashion. The industry has already defined standards forseveral health claim transactions, such as referrals and authorizations.As further agreed standards are accepted, the last hurdles will be theease of integration, which the present invention directly addresses.

A Solution Provider can begin by configuring a gateway 110 to includethe content requirements of each desired claims transaction. TheSolution Provider defines the normative data model, data validationrules, security requirements and rules, custom processes, dataenrichment processes, routing rules, error handling processes, and otherpertinent processes. The Solution Provider then configures a copy of thegateway 110 to operate at the Insurer level, whereby each valid claimstransaction received from another copy of the gateway 110 can betranslated from the normative form into Insurer's desired format forprocessing the claims transaction.

The Solution Provider then configures a copy of the gateway 110 at thesite of each participating provider system from whom they desire toreceive automatic claims transactions. The gateway 110 is configured tooperate with each provider's local application(s) (i.e., the clientapplication devices 105). The gateway 110 processes claims from theformat used by the provider's client application device 105 into theformat used by the provider's version of the gateway 110. Eachprovider's version of the gateway 110 then validates, enriches, secures,records, logs the data according to the processes and/or rulesestablished by the solution provider, returning errors to the localclaims system as configured, and then sending successful claims gatewaymessages, in normative form, to the Insurer's system. The gatewaymessages are received by the gateway 110 located at the Insurer level,checked against all content and validation rules, then processed fromnormative form into the format used by the Insurer's gateway 110,logged, confirmed and processed into the transaction information used bythe Insurer's local applications. Multiple insurers can implement theInsurer's version of the gateway 110. Each provider that utilized aversion of the gateway 110 can provide automatic claims to any Insurerthat utilized an Insurer's version of the gateway 110. Over time, afully integrated transaction network can grow that is capable ofprocessing accurate claims without modifying any of the localapplications, saving the industry significant time and money, whileimproving accuracy.

Assume that the Ticket Issuing and/or Payment Systems division within aticket issuer wishes to receive automatic ticket issuing and/or paymenttransactions from their corporate customers. The ticket issuer has aspecific back-end application format that they desire for alltransactions received. The ticket issuer also has certain data content,data validation, and other rules that they desire that each automatictransaction conform to. Each customer has application systems thatutilize a format or formats different than that desired by the ticketissuer. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can allow suchdisparate application systems (between the ticket issuer and the ticketissuer's customers) to automatically exchange ticket issuing and/orpayments without modification to either the ticket issuer's or thecustomers' applications.

The ticket issuer begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include thecontent requirements of each desired ticket issuing and/or paymenttransaction. The ticket issuer defines the normative data model, datavalidation rules, security requirements and rules, custom processes,data enrichment processes, routing rules, error handling processes, andother pertinent processes. The ticket issuer then configures a copy ofthe gateway 110 to operate within the ticket issuer, whereby each validtransaction received from another copy of the gateway 110 is translatedfrom the normative form into the ticket issuer's desired format for itsback-office processing.

The ticket issuer then configures a copy of the gateway 110 at the siteof each corporate customer from whom they desire to receive automaticticket issuing and/or payment transactions. The gateway 110 isconfigured to operate with each customer's local application(s) (i.e.,the client application devices 105). The gateway 110 processes ticketissuing and/or payments from the format used by that customer's clientapplication device 105 into the format used by the customer's version ofthe gateway 110. The customer's version of the gateway 110 thenvalidates, enriches, secures, records, logs the data according to theprocesses and/or rules established by the ticket issuer, returningerrors to the customer as configured, and then sending successful ticketissuing and/or payment gateway messages, in normative form, to theticket issuer. The gateway messages are received by the gateway 110located at the ticket issuer, checked against all content and validationrules, then processed from normative form into the format used by theticket issuer's gateway 110, logged, confirmed and processed into thetransaction information used by the ticket issuer's back-officeapplication. Accordingly, automated ticket issuing and/or paymenttransactions can then flow from the gateways 110 located at customersites to the gateway 110 located at the ticket issuer site—flowingticket issuing and/or payments from customer applications to the ticketissuer's back-end applications, without modification to either theticket issuer's or the customers' applications.

With respect to Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) compliance, assume that the SOXVerification and/or Financial Systems division within a corporationwishes to receive automatic verification and/or financial transactionsfrom their corporate operating units. The corporation has a specificback-end application format that they desire for all transactionsreceived. They also have certain data content, data validation, andother rules to which they desire that each automatic transactionconform. Each corporate operating unit has application systems thatutilize a format or formats different than that desired by thecorporation. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can allowsuch disparate application systems (between the corporation and thecorporation's operating units) to automatically exchange verificationand/or financials without modification to either the corporation's orthe corporate operating units' applications.

The corporation begins by configuring a gateway 110 to include thecontent requirements of each desired verification and/or financialtransaction. The corporation defines the normative data model, datavalidation rules, security requirements and rules, custom processes,data enrichment processes, routing rules, error handling processes, andother pertinent processes. The corporation then configures a copy of thegateway 110 to operate within the corporation, whereby each validtransaction received from another copy of the gateway 10 is translatedfrom the normative form into the corporation's desired format for itsback-office processing. The corporation then configures a copy of thegateway 110 at the site of each corporate operating unit from whom theydesire to receive automatic verification and/or financial transactions.The gateway 110 is configured to operate with each corporate operatingunit's local application(s) (i.e., the client application devices 105).The gateway 110 processes verification and/or financials from the formatused by that corporate operating unit's client application device 105into the format used by the corporate operating unit's version of thegateway 110. The corporate operating unit's version of the gateway 110then validates, enriches, secures, records, logs the data according tothe processes and/or rules established by the corporation, returningerrors to the corporate operating unit as configured, and then sendingsuccessful verification and/or financial gateway messages, in normativeform, to the corporation. The gateway messages are received by thegateway 110 located at the corporation, checked against all content andvalidation rules, then processed from normative form into the formatused by the corporation's gateway 110, logged, confirmed and processedinto the transaction information used by the corporation's back-officeapplication. Accordingly, automated verification and/or financialtransactions can then flow from the gateways 110 located at corporateoperating unit sites to the gateway 110 located at the corporationsite—flowing verification and/or financials from corporate operatingunit applications to the corporation's back-end applications, withoutmodification to either the corporation's or the corporate operatingunits' applications.

There are many other examples of uses and applications of exemplaryembodiments of the present invention to other types of transaction forother types of industries.

The following description provides further details on the elements andcomponents previously described. This further detail, for exemplarypurposes, will focuse on the gateway, which can be a core component of aBusiness Transaction Application within a Members Only Internet, and themessage construct that they process. These gateways have a wide use evenas standalone platforms to handle message traffic to and from anapplication.

As described above, gateway messages that are sent within a system 100are preferably formatted as XML documents with two main blocks, amessage header and a payload. The payload can comprise one or morepayloads (content “messages”). These payloads are what are actually sentand received by the applications that the gateways 110 are serving. Themessage header contains the information necessary for gateways 110 toprocess its payloads, i.e., the information to support functions such assending, receiving, delivering, and persisting payloads. All messagesare preferably described by an associated message type. A structureddescription of each message type can be stored in the local data storeof a gateway 110. A data store can be comprised of any on-line mechanismfor persisting data including a database and associated files.

Message and Message Headers

A message is typically part of a simple transaction. Gateway-basedsystems can support two or more types of simple transactions including:

Class Description Transmissions Message goes from gateway A to gateway BRequest/Response Message goes from gateway A to gateway B; returnmessage goes from gateway B to gateway A

The message header preferably having an XML format contains a hierarchyof tags. Each XML tag in the first level of the message header isassociated with a software module. These tags delineate separate blocksof information. Message processing is accomplished by moving down thetags and executing the software module associated with that tag's block.The content of the blocks provide the necessary arguments and data toexecute the associated software module.

There are a number of advantages to this manner of processing blocks.First there are separate message schema for each message type. Thismeans the processing of messages can be specific to each message type asvariant blocks can be introduced for each message type. Second, it isvery easy to provide customized modules for any message to provideadditional processing functionality. For example a Solution Providercould add a block and associated software that checks license validity,or interrogate a gateway database to ascertain charges.

There are preferably a set of standard blocks for the message headerwith associated modules that, unless customized, are called for allmessage processing received by a gateway 110. An exemplary set ofstandard blocks for the message header, which are shown in FIG. 8, aredescribed in detail below.

The Message Id block provides basic identification information about amessage. It can have the following attributes: transaction-type,message-type, transaction-ID, message-ID, message alias, origin,destination, possible duplicate, etc. A unique internal identifier canbe created for the message and for the transaction of which it is apart. This ID is permanently unique and can always be used todefinitively identify a message and the transaction of which it is apart. To provide audit-ability and coherent, distributed BTAs, eachgateway 110 maintains an embedded database as a persistent store. Giventhis unique ID it is possible to retrieve all related data associatedwith a particular message or transaction from any gateway's localdatastore. This can be useful, for example, for retrieval queries, toassure auditability, and for reconstructing a damaged datastore.

The Security Block provides information about the security of themessage. In particular, the Security Block contains a log of what isencrypted and by which entity. Conventionally, this information is notkept with the message. There are preferably at least two capabilitiesthat fall under the “security” rubric, encryption and digital signing.Encryption is used to prevent an entity (person or machine) from beingable to read data or content in a message, except those entities thatare able to de-crypt it. Digital signing is a means to ensure that theintegrity of a set of data has been preserved in a given state and toclearly identify the entity that is providing that surety.

PKI (Public/Private Key Infrastructure) is a very popular mechanism usedto encrypt and sign data. The mechanism involves a Private Key held byan entity and a Public key that is freely distributed to those entitiesthat are potential counterparties. Either key can be used to encryptsome data, but its companion key must be used to decrypt that data. Forexample if A wants to encrypt a file he is sending to B so that only Bcan read it, then A would use B's Public key to encrypt it. B candecrypt the file using its Private Key. Anyone else receiving the file,other than B, cannot decrypt the file as they do not have B's PrivateKey. In order for PKI to work, private keys are kept private so that nothird party can decrypt a message destined for the holder of the privatekey. Public keys are usually transmitted and stored in a standardformat, such as a 509 certificate. A 509 certificate contains theparty's public key, name or identification, serial number, expirationdate, and the digital signature of the issuing authority so a receivingparty can verify that public key has been vouched for by a trustedparty.

Digital signing makes use of PKI and a mechanism in computing called“hashing.” A hashing algorithm will take any set of data and produce aunique single number, called a hash-code, that represents that number.If even one bit of the input data is changed, then a very different hashcode is produced. Hashing can be used to identify any change in a set ofdata.

To create a digital signing, entity A inputs the data to be signed intoa hashing algorithm which produces a hash code for data. Then, entity Aencrypts the hash code with its Private Key. The result is a digitalsignature. When signed data is sent to entity B, entity B can decryptthe digital signing using A's Public key. It can then run the datathrough the same hashing algorithm. If the decrypted hash code from Amatches the hash code produced by B, then B knows two things: one, thedata came from A (as A is the only holder of its Private key); and two,the data sent by A has not been altered in any manner. If the digitalsigning is persisted with the data then it can provide a permanentrecord that particular data was sent on a particular day-time by aparticular entity. Important auxiliary information can be added to thedata that is digitally signed. For example, with the date-time of thesigning, there is not only a record of who signed a data set but exactlywhen it was signed, which increases audit-ability.

There are several features that are embodied in the Security Block ofthe message. First of all, any XML tag block (or sub block) in themessage can be encrypted by one or more entities. For example, gateway Acan encrypt the Message History block so it can be seen by entity B andencrypt the payload block to be seen only by gateway C. (The sub-blockswithin a payload can also be encrypted down to individual fields if thepayload is structured and the gateway is aware of its addressingmechanism.) Another encryption scenario can be that gateway A encryptsthe payload block targeted to gateway C. The gateway B, which may be aservice, adds additional information, which it also encrypts for gatewayC.

When messages and payloads are persisted in a local data store, thesections that are targeted to the receiving gateway can be stored in theclear (i.e., decrypted), while other sections are left encrypted butstill persisted. In addition, all digital signings are preferably storedin the Security block, with pointers to the block in the message orpayload that is signed. Digital signings can be executed by a gatewayfor a number of conditions.

A signing of the message or a block in the message can occur in a numberof circumstances including: whenever a message is sent (i.e., whenplaced on a SEND or OUT abstract queue); whenever a service performs aparticular function (typically, the particulars describing theparticular functions are a customized block or are an entry in theMessage History that is signed); when an internal procedure completesits function; or when certain error conditions arise and a state must beensured.

Since the Security block is persisted when a message is persisted thenall the Digital Signings are persisted. This feature provides a basisfor audit-ability and non-repudiation, and is therefore useful for manybusiness-as-usual functions, as well as for protecting againstmisbehavior. This feature is enabled, at least in part, due to thedistributed database contained in every gateway 110. To provide adequateaudit-ability, it can be useful to provide extended data persistence.For example, there are some cases in the United States where informationmust be maintained for 66 years and some cases in the United Kingdomwhere data must be maintained for 106 years.

The Target Block is meant to identify the ultimate target applicationthat is to receive the message. The target can be dynamic, i.e., it canchange during the processing of a message so that the sender does nothave to know the actual name/location of a target application. Forexample, a message may be a payment that the sending application assumesis to be sent to the accounts receivable of a large enterprise. At thetime the message is sent, the target can be general (e.g., accountsreceivable) but would be enough information for the sending gateway toknow what an appropriate receiving gateway is. The receiving gateway mayknow the address of an Accounts Receivable Distribution Server, and thisinformation is enough for the receiving gateway to send the message tothe gateway serving that Distribution Server. Finally, the gateway atthe distribution server can find out specifically to which AccountsReceivable to send the message. The dynamic nature of the Target blockallows for “Just-in-time” delivery of a message, i.e., the target of themessage need not be fully identified until it is actually needed byeither a SEND queue (Send queues send messages to other gateways) or anOut queue (Out queues send messages to “users,” i.e., the back officeapplications).

The Collection Block contains parameters that associate a gatewaymessage with other messages. There are three types of collections. AGROUP links any set gateway messages together, usually for the benefitof client applications. A SET which defines a set of messages that arebound together for a purpose. A SEQUENCE which is an ordered andenumerated set of messages bound together for a purpose.

The Routing Slip contains a template of the simple transaction of whichthe message is a part. There are two types of simple transactions—aTransmission (a transaction that sends a message from gateway A togateway B) or a Request/Reply (a transaction that sends a message fromgateway A to gateway B with a required reply Message that is sent fromgateway B to gateway A.) For either Transmissions or Request/Replytransactions, a message can stop at various services that performspecific functions, e.g., authorization, store and forward,authentication, etc. The Routing Slip template can include anyprescribed mandatory or optional service stops associated with thetransaction.

As a transaction progresses, the Routing Slip includes information ofexactly what stops have been completed, so a receiving gateway canverify what action is to be done next. Because the current state of asimple transaction is, in effect, stored in the Routing Slip, atransaction can be stopped in mid-stream simply by persisting themessage. When that transaction needs to restart, the Routing Slip in thepersisted message has the necessary state information to restart it.

The History Block keeps a log of all the major events that have occurredto a message as the message progresses through a transaction. Thisincludes, for example, that the was placed on a SEND or OUT queue, thatthe transaction was stopped because of an error condition, etc. The factthat a log is maintained within a message header allows a receivinggateway and the applications that it is serving to know the history ofthe received message. This can be very useful in a distributed system.Often entries in the History Block will be digitally signed. This isvery useful for auditability and non-repudiation.

The Attachment Block includes information about any attachments that areassociated with a message. The information can refer to one or moreexternal files that are to be associated with a message. There are anumber of reasons for having attachments. The clearest one is wheninformation to be transmitted is just too big to be handled as apayload. As mentioned above each payload must be loaded into memory soperformance and memory constraints provide a natural size limitation forpayloads.

Gateway attachments are similar to email attachments, but are handled ina different way. Attachments are not directly bound to a message; ratherthe location, name and supporting information about each attachment isprovided in “tokens” that are stored in the Attachment Block of amessage. When a message is sent to an application, these tokens are alsodelivered. The gateway then offers a service to the application toretrieve the attachment. The receiving application has two options: itcan get a copy of the file; or it can directly access the file to readit. By using this token approach, attachments are only delivered whenand if they there are needed by the receiving application.

There are a number of options for dealing with attachments. For example,the attachment can either be moved or copied into the sending gateway'sdata store. Once the attachment has entered the gateway's domain, thegateway can assure that the attachment's location is known and that itsintegrity is maintained. A receiving application can then read theattachment file by accessing the remote sending gateway's datastore orit can request that the attachment be moved to the receiving gatewaydatastore, thus the file will be local so accessing it will not be overa network.

Attachments can also remain in the sending applications data store,external to the gateway domain. In this case a gateway cannot assureeither the location or integrity of the file. Maintaining attachmentswithin the sending applications domain is useful in a number of ways;e.g., to send background data or information along with a message forwhich it is important that receiving application has reference accessbut does not have an immediate need; to provide access to a file such asa medical record, which will be periodically changed, in a way that thereceiving application always has access to the up-to-date information.

The payload section of the message can contain one or more payloads.This is the information that is to be sent from a sending “user”application to a receiving “user” application. A payload can either beprocessed as a blob, in which case the gateway does not process itscontent; or it can be a “known” structured message that the gateway canprocess. A payload is “known” to the gateway if there is definingmessage-type information in the gateway's configuration data store. Allstructured payloads, which are sent between gateways as gatewaymessages, are preferably in a normative XML form. The normative form fora payload can be defined, for example, by an XML message-type schemathat is compatible with the serialization of an object model thatrepresents the message-type.

Abstract Queues

Abstract queues, discussed previously, are gateway mechanisms havingseveral potential functions. For example, the abstract queues canstandardize the way messages/payloads are sent and received form a“user” application i.e. the enterprise application that either needs totransmit some information or the enterprise application that needs toreceive some information. The abstract queues can also standardize theway messages (i.e., payloads with their complete header information) aresent and received between gateways. In addition, the abstract queues canstandardize the way errors are being reported (ReplyTo Queues), so thatmember application or local administrator can monitor the generatederrors and take appropriate actions.

In general, there are four types of abstract queues used for standardmessage processing—IN, OUT, RECEIVE, and SEND. They are paired as seenin FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 9, IN Queues 910 get information from a userapplication 950 and present it to the gateway 110. After processing bythe gateway 110, the SEND Queues 920 send the information as a gatewaymessage to other gateways 110 through a network 960. The RECEIVE Queues930 gets a gateway message from a sending gateway 110 via the network960 and presents it to a receiving gateway 110. After processing by thereceiving gateway 110, OUT queues 940 send information to a receivinguser application 950.

Any number of abstract queues of each type can be utilized by onegateway 110. These abstract queues can provide different channels for anapplication to interact with a gateway 110 and for gateways 110 tointeract with other gateways 110. The IN Queue 910 and OUT Queue 940from one gateway 110 can also be configured to handle informationto/from many user applications 950 as gateways 110 can run in a “server”mode.

Another example of an abstract queue is called a REPLYTO Queue, which isused to maintain a separate communication channel between the gateway110 and user applications 950. The REPLYTO Queue is used to provideauxiliary information, including error messages. Messages on the REPLYTOQueue can be directed to any user application 950. For example, it maycommunicate with the user application 950 that sent the original messageor it might communicate with a special error processing application. TheREPLYTO Queue can be used for other administrative or system messagesthat can be conveyed to a user application 950.

Raw Message Formatters

Raw message formatters are used to standardize the connection betweenuser applications 950 and the gateway 110. The IN Queues 910 have thejob of providing enough information to a main gateway engine, in astandardized format, so that the engine can know how to process apayload into a gateway message. This information includes items such astransaction type and message type plus a bunch of other mandatory oroptional parameters. A raw message formatter has the job of obtainingthis information, storing it into a raw message header, and thenbundling it with the payload received from a user application 950 tocreate a raw message. FIG. 10 illustrates this activity. As shown inFIG. 10, a raw message formatter 1010 receives data (i.e., anapplication payload) from an application 950, creates a raw messageheader from the received data, which is bundled with the raw messageheader to create a raw message that is provided to the gateway 110.

Conversely OUT Queues 940 have the job of taking a standardized rawmessage that has been created by the main gateway engine and putting itinto a form that is expected by a user application 940 as illustrated inFIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 11, the gateway 110 provides the raw messageto the OUT Queue 940, which converts it into data (or applicationpayload) that is received by the application 950.

As with most components that make up the gateway 110, there ispreferably a well defined API (Application programming Interface) forthe raw message formatter 1010. Custom raw message formatters 1010 canbe easily registered and used by the gateway 110. The gateway librariesalso can include a set of standard raw message formatters 1010, inaddition to custom raw message formatters 1010, that can be used fortransformation between data and raw messages.

Wrapping Message Transports

Abstract Queues provide an abstraction layer that wraps an existingmessage transport so any underlying message transport can be used. Thereare lots of message transports, old and new, for moving data betweenapplications—The Internet Protocol provides the most utilized transportlayer. The Web Services (SOAP) messaging protocol is specificallydesigned to provide inter-application communication. In addition, thereare message transport products in a category called Message-OrientedMiddleware (MOM), which are geared to transmitting and queuing messages,the most popular of which are IBM's MQSeries, and Tibco's Rendezvous. Inaddition, there is a general Java standard, Java Message Service (JMS)for which there are many implementations, as well as older mechanismsfor transporting data, such as the File Transport Protocol, older styled(non-IP) networks, direct port-to-port transports, etc.

The abstract queues wrap (hide the actual workings of) any of thesetransports, providing a standard interface to the main gatewayprocessing engine in the gateway 110. This wrapping can be complex, asit involves knowing underlying queue addresses, handling errorconditions, querying for state, etc. Because Abstract Queues can handlea wide variety of message transports, gateways 110 can be used to setuppeer-to-peer networks in an existing heterogeneous multi-enterprisemessaging environment and create communication channels between legacyapplications that were never designed to communicate with each other. Italso means that applications can be a “user” of a gateway networkwithout requiring significant recoding by using an abstract queue thatfits the data being produced by the legacy (existing) application orthat fits the access interface of the legacy application.

In general, applications 950 that are communicating with a gateway 110are remote from the gateway, i.e., the applications 950 are running on aseparate machine or in a separate partition of the same machine.However, there is a set of in-memory abstract queues that can provideefficient communication for applications 950 sharing the same memoryspace as the gateway 10. With this configuration, all of the regularabstract queue mechanisms and the normal processing of the gateway 10can be utilized while the message transport is as efficient as it canbe.

Reliable Messaging

The system 100 can provide reliable messaging, which basically meansthat a message will not get lost during transmission or localprocessing. It does not mean that nothing will happen to a message butrather that if something does happen, the system 100 will either fix theproblem or reliably provide information as to what has happened to amessage.

Transport Reliability

Since abstract queues wrap existing message transports, abstract queuescan rely on the underlying message transport to provide transportreliability. Most modern message transports provide transmissionreliability at least as an option and provide “guaranteed delivery” of amessage of various sorts. Older transports such as FTP may notinherently provide guaranteed transmission reliability but will havesome reliability mechanisms. The transport reliability for a “gateway”transaction will only be as good as the transport reliability of theunderlying message transport used for that transaction. However, inorder for a gateway 110 to discover problems when an underlyingtransport may be unreliable, it preferably includes a mechanism toreliably send internal “administrative” messages between gateways 110.Therefore a reliable message transport is bundled with the gateway 110with appropriate SEND and RECIEVE abstract queues.

Local Processing Reliability

Messages cannot be lost while they are being processed within a gateway110. To achieve this reliability, a message is not removed from an inputabstract queue until it is finished processing and it has been queued onan output abstract queue. Therefore, if there is any abnormaltermination of the processing the message will still be on the inputAbstract queue and will be reprocessed. To be more specific, a messageis not removed from the IN Queue 910 until it has been successfullyqueued on a SEND Queue 920 or until processing has been terminated by anerror condition and a message has been placed on a REPLYTO Queue.Conversely, a message is not removed from the RECEIVE Queue 930 until ithas been successfully queued on an OUT Queue 940 or has been terminatedwith a message on a REPLYTO Queue.

Process Flow in the Gateway

There are two streams of processing that go on within the gateway 110once a message is received from an abstract queue: an IN-to-SENDprocess, which takes a payload from an application 950 and sends it as amessage to another gateway 110; and a RECEIVE-to-OUT process, which getsa message from a gateway 110 and sends its payload to an application950. Since these processes are more or less mirror images of each other,the following description is limited to the process flow for IN-to-SENDshould be adequate.

Queue Listener

For each IN Queue 910, there is a queue listener. After an IN Queue 910has created a raw message, the queue listener looks at the informationin the raw message header, which preferably includes at least atransaction type and a message type, and instantiates a unit of workthat processes the raw message into a gateway message. Since each unitof work can be configured to a transaction type and/or a message type,the procedures executed at each step of the message processing can bedifferent for different messages. Also, since it is relatively easy toadd custom procedures, there is great flexibility in how messages areprocessed.

Unit of Work

In the gateway 110, a unit of work, which has been initiated by thequeue listener, is a self-contained class (process) that can be specificto a message type and/or transaction type and execute all the stepsnecessary to process a raw message into a gateway message. If aprocessing thread is available, then the unit of work will execute;otherwise, it waits for an available thread. As a result, messages canbe processed in parallel up to the number of threads that are availablefrom the thread pool.

FIG. 12 is a diagram shows a template for an IN-SEND unit of work. Thetriangles in the diagram are breakpoints in the processing where thestate of the message can be persisted to the gateway's local data store.The unit of work preferably persists the raw message at the beginning ofprocessing (IO) and persists the message at the end of processing (SR)so there is always a record of what has been done to a message.

The table below explains theses steps. (The third column indicates wherethe information needed for a step is located in the configurationmeta-data store.)

Description How Configured (1) Pre-processing stores the raw message tothe repository n/a (2) Raw Local Steps performs any custom local stepson the LOCAL_RAW process in raw message TxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal (3)Formatting transforms the raw message data to non- FORMAT process innormative XML format, if required TxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal (4)Non-normative performs any custom local steps on the LOCAL_NON_NORMATIVEprocess Local Steps non-normative XML message inTxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal (5) Mapping transforms non-normative XML toTRANSFORM in process normative XML TxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal (6)Validation validates the normative XML message VALIDATE in processpayload TxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal (7) Normative Local performs anycustom local steps on the LOCAL_NORMATIVE in process Steps normative XMLmessage TxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal (8) Message processes all standard andcustom Envelope Block processing in processing envelope blocks Envelopeconfiguration entity (9) Post-processing the finalize step, whichdecides what FINALIZE process in happens next TxnInfoFixed/TxnInfoLocal

Many of the middle steps involve the processing of structured payloads.If a payload is a blob, then only steps 1, 2, 8, and 9 are executed.

In addition to the IN-SEND unit of work, there are a number of otherunits of work that are associated with a transaction type. These otherunits of work include: a RECEIVE-OUT unit of work, which is symmetricalto the IN-SEND unit of work since the steps are processed in reverse(but with different modules); a SYSTEM unit of work, which handlesmessage information messages that need to be conveyed to an applicationsuch as Receipts, Rejections and Faults; an ADMINISTRATVE unit of work,which handles a wide number of internal, gateway-to-gatewayadministrative transactions; and a U-TURN unit of work, which provides amechanism to process a Request/response message or to perform a servicewithin a transaction without needing to interact with a remoteapplication.

U-turns

U-turns allow a gateway to process a message purely through localprocessing, which typically includes executing custom procedures. AU-turn is accomplished by not putting a message that has been processedby a unit of work on an output abstract queue but sending it theappropriate input abstract queue.

For example, a message comes into the RECEIVE Queue 930 of a servicegateway that has local procedures that can authenticate the sender of amessage. Once the local processing is accomplished, instead of sendingthe message to an OUT Queue 940, it is directed to the queue listener ofan IN Queue 910. A unit of work is executed, which in turn sends theprocessed message to a SEND Queue 920. The gateway 110 keeps track ofthe fact that these two units of work are linked together so that it canexecute the proper actions in terms of error condition and reliablemessaging.

With this unit of work approach, many messages can be processed inparallel, since the waiting units of work can grab threads as theybecome available from the pool, which makes the processing of messagesby the gateway 110 reasonably efficient. In addition, the processingsteps executed by a unit of work can be specific to a transaction typeand message type, which provides a structured means for fine-grainedprocessing of messages. The unit of work approach also permitscustomized local modules to be easily inserted into the processingsteps, which allows for a wide range of custom behaviors. In effect, thegateway 110 can be configured as a specialized application platform.

Error Processing

When an error occurs in message processing a number of actions can takeplace. For example, there may be a need to communicate the error to thesending and/or receiving application. This communication can beaccomplished by placing a message on a REPLYTO Queue. The REPLYTO Queueis preferably monitored by the target application or by a surrogateapplication that is handling error conditions for the targetapplication. There are multiple categories of error messages including:Rejections, which are error conditions that are known; and Faults, whichare error conditions that arise unexpectedly.

Certain processing errors can be logged and/or entered into the MessageHistory block. In some cases, error conditions are packaged intoadministrative messages that can be transmitted to other gateways 110,or sent to a monitoring service utilizing, for example, the JMXprotocol.

Queue Resolvers

Once a unit of work is finished processing or has terminated because ofan error condition, its results (e.g., a message for a IN-SEND unit ofwork, a Raw Message for an RECEIVE-OUT unit of work) are sent to a queueresolver, which determines on which specific SEND, OUT or REPLYTO Queuethe results should be placed. This determination can be a complexdecision based on, for example, knowing which target applications areserviced by which queues, rules execution based on the message content,desired transmission formats, etc. In addition to queue resolvers in thegateways library, there cam be a queue resolver API so that customizedqueue resolvers can be added.

Structured Payload Mapping

Many of the processing steps executed by a unit of work involveprocessing the structured payloads in a message. It can be desirable tohave distributed processing of structured payloads. For example, byprocessing these structured payloads, the gateway 110 can validatemessages locally before they are sent;

The gateway 10 is also useful in reliably moving blobs, which is payloadcontent that the gateway 110 does not process but just passes on.However, the gateway 110 intelligently processing structured payloadscan yield even greater value. For example, by processing structuredpayloads (or messages), the gateway 110 can validate messages locallybefore they are sent. Since it allows local processing, these errors canoften be repaired within a gateway 10 through a custom procedure. Byperforming content mapping, the gateway 110 can produce payloads in theformats of each local application 950 it is serving. Through its mappingcapability, the gateway 10 can greatly reduce the cost of changeintroducing new message standards that map to older standards so that nochange in legacy applications are required to handle the new messages—aprocess known as “injection and versioning.”

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the major unit of work steps that involvemessage processing. Steps 4 and 7 involve local processing of messages.These local processing steps can be inserted in a unit of work anywhere.While the diagram of FIG. 13 portrays one step of each kind, there canbe many steps of each type. In other words, there can be more than onetransformation step; there can be more than one validation step, etc. Asshown in FIG. 13, processed messages are converted from the form asreceived from an application 950 into a normative message format, whichhas utility in the system 100.

Normative Messages-yypes

Normative messages ensure that a consistent payload format is sentbetween gateways 10 no matter what unique formats may be required by theapplications 950 being serviced by a gateway 10. There are twodimensions that cause variability in the raw form of a message. Onedimension is “spatial”—various applications may use different formatsfor a message, some being proprietary and some being based on differentinternal standards. The other is dimension is “time”—over time evenindustry standard message formats change. Rather than recode all of thelegacy applications, it is simpler to map all the existing formats intoa standard or normative form when sending a message, and in turn mapthis normative format into whatever version an application expects whenreceiving a message.

Since the normative messages are sent or received between gateways 110,the actual format of those messages is irrelevant to the outside world.Receiving applications 950 only get the raw messages they expect. Thegateway 110 preferably uses an XML message format for normativemessages, which is useful for a number of reasons. For example, XMLmessages are self-defining because they are based on an accompanying XMLschema that defines the message's message type. Given an XML schema,message types can be deterministically converted into an object model,and this object model can be instantiated and used by local operationsand gateway modules to process a message.

Currently, XML is a standard for all messaging. This means that manynormative messages types can be in the same format as industry standardmessages. In addition, users of the gateway will have existing XMLschema for normative messages or will understand how to create themusing the many known tools available for manipulating XML messages. Forexample, normative messages types can be first modeled as objectsclasses, using the more structured modeling paradigm of UML, and thenautomatically converted into an XML schema.

Since the normative form of a message is used entirely internally (i.e.,within and between gateways 110), the gateway 110 can transmit thesemessages in very efficient internal formats. For example, normally XMLmessages are very verbose and are in character format, which requiresparsing to be processed. Instead, the gateway 110 can transmit messagesin an already parsed form, thus reducing the processing time.

In FIG. 13, step 3 (in the IN-SEND unit of work) involves a formatterthat converts a structured payload from a raw message into anon-normative XML message. The formatter is configured to remove thestructured syntax from a raw message and get the message into an XMLformat. Translating into a non-normative XML format avoids thedifficulty of dealing with the structured syntax format found in rawmessages. If the raw message is already in a valid XML format, with anassociated schema, this step can be skipped.

Performing the syntax translation from a raw message to a non-normativeXML message is a relatively complicated process that cannot be easilygeneralized. For example, it can involve parsing complicated fixed fieldEDI-like formats, such as the field formats found in older SWIFTmessages. Rather than try and tackle the problem with one generalformatter, the gateway 110 can offer are a number of formatters, eachcovering a category of raw formats, which simplifies the conversionproblem. The particular formatter that is used can be determined inaccordance with configuration data associated with that message type. Toexpand coverage or increase efficiency, it is also possible to addcustomized formatters, such as by using a standardized API and providingappropriate entries in the configuration data. For a RECEIVE-OUTprocess, there is a comparable set of formatters that will take anon-normative payload and create the appropriate raw message as expectedby the user application 950.

Step 5 of FIG. 13 involves transforming, which is mapping anon-normative payload into a normative payload and vise versa. If thesource payload is already in normative format, then this step can beskipped. A design tool, which can be referred to as a mapper, can beprovided to define this mapping. The mapping is done from thenon-normative format to the object model version of the normativepayload. Mapping from the non-normative format to the object modelversion of the normative payload may be done because many industrystandards are being defined based on UML models of the industryinteractions. In those cases, the UML models of the transactions can beread in by the mapper to create the normative message type format.

The transforming step can be executed more than once, which enablesversioning to be accomplished efficiently. To illustrate versioning,assume that the SWIFT system initially has an XML payment message calledan MX103 that serves as a normative message. There will be many rawformats from many applications that are mapped to the MX103 messagetype. The SWIFT system then upgrades the message with a new versioncalled MX103a. This new version becomes the normative message as itcontains some additional fields. It would be inefficient to have toremap all of the raw messages into the MX103a format. Instead a two steptransformation process is initiated. The first transformation maps rawmessages as before into the MX103 format, and then a secondtransformation step maps the MX103 format into the MX103a format. Inthis manner, only the second transformation needs to be defined for allto utilize the new normative message type format.

For the RECEIVE-OUT process, there is a comparable set of transformersthat will translate a normative message into a non-normative message.

Step 6 is FIG. 13 is performed to validate a normative payload. Themapper tool provides a means for entering validation rules andconstraints for a normative message. The standard XML Schema for amessage type provides validation rules for individual fields. The mapperalso provides a dialect for appending cross field constraints to theschema to provide a fully validated payload. If a message is fullyvalidated it can either be sent on to a SEND Queue 920 or sent to beprocessed into a raw message and sent to an OUT Queue 940. Otherincarnations of a message can also be validated by using custom localoperations.

Handling Collections of Messages

There are a number of reasons for a gateway 110 to act based on thestate of a collection of messages in addition to processing individualmessages. Doing so allows an application to maintain an associationbetween heterogeneous messages or transactions, maintains integritywhile processing batch files, and makes it possible to handle fuzzytwo-phase commits when sending out a large set of configuration updates.

The gateway 110 supports several types of message collections includinga GROUP, a SEQUENCE, and a SET. The parameters associated with thesecollections are contained in a COLLECTION block in the message header. Aunit of work can call a specific collection procedure if a message ispart of a collection. The selection of the appropriate collectionprocedure can be based on the collection ID and type. The gateway 110 ispreferably bundled with some standard collection procedures to handlecommon uses of those collections, such as to handle a sequenced recordin a batch or a fuzzy two-phased commit for software moduledistribution. The ability to handle these collection types in the system100 is a useful capability and also creates some building blocks toexecute complex transactions from simple transactions.

GROUPs

A GROUP is a loose and informal collection of heterogeneous messagesand/or transactions for which a user application 950 wants to maintainan association. A GROUP is established by creating a unique GROUPID.Once established, the GROUP remains open until a message is receivedfrom an application or a remote gateway to close the GROUP. In mostcases, GROUPs are not closed as there is little reason to do so. Amessage that is identified as part of a GROUP through its GROUPID canalso be a member of a SEQUENCE or SET.

Sequence

A SEQUENCE has an associated SEQUENCE-ID, SEQUENCE-Type, SEQUENCE-Numberand SEQUENCE-End, which is a Boolean indicating whether the payload isthe last element in the SEQUENCE. On return, the appropriatecollection-procedure updates a set of state variables, the values ofwhich direct actions to be taken by the calling unit of work. Actionsusually are either to continue processing to throw an exception, i.e.,process an error conditions, or execute a “choice” based on the statevariable.

An example of using a SEQUENCE is for batch file processing. A verylarge percentage of automated transmission of information betweenenterprises is done by batch processing, which includes the movement oflarge files of bundled transactions. These bundles are treated as anordered sequence of transactions. The sending application may assumethat the record in the file will be processed in sequence and may buildin dependencies based on this assumption. If each record in a batch fileis to be processed and mapped as a separate message, the gateway 110 ispreferably configured to preserve the designated sequence of messages soas to preserve the dependency for the receiving application.

Set

A SET is an unordered set of messages that when processed can createstates that require action. For example, a Service Provider gateway cansend out a large number of Request/Reply administrative messages whosepayloads include a new message type schema and associated maps. Thesending gateway can send these messages as a SET. The Reply, which willbe sent by a targeted gateway, is that it has received the payload andis prepared to use it. The sending gateway will process these Replies asa SET, and when a critical mass of positive replies are received (e.g.,95% positive replies), the sending gateway will cause a newadministrative message to be sent that tells all the receiving gatewaysthat they can now use the new message type.

SETs have some characteristics of GROUPs and some characteristics ofSEQUENCES. They have a SET-ID, a SET-Type, and a SET-End, but nosequence number.

Customization

The gateway 110 is designed so that most of its components can bereplaced. To permit this replacement, a clean API can be presented foreach component and specified parameters can be entered into theconfiguration data store so a new component can be invoked in thecontext of a transaction type and message type. This modular designmakes it easy to create and distribute new versions of all of thesecomponents. More important, it allows a Service Provider to createcustom modules and distribute them and it allows each member or user,through their administrator, to create customized modules. Thecustomizability enhances the ability of the gateway 110 to providecustom processing specific to a single gateway and transaction type.

Below is a table of the components that can be customized or replaced.

Out Queue Resolver SEND Queue Resolver Address Resolver Network AddressResolver Raw Formatter Local Operations Abstract Queue Header BlockProcessors Formatter Crypto-Implementation Admin Message Proc.

With such an open system, it is desirable that system security ismaintained. Since these custom components are distributed asadministrative messages, all of the security capabilities for gatewaymessage processing are available for component access and distribution,including hierarchical access privilege maps, encryption, and digitalsigning to verify that modules have not been tampered with.

Rules Engine

The processing for customized modules may need decisions or actionsbased on rules. For example, a queue resolver associated with a SENDqueue 920 might decide where to send a message based on the messagecontent using a rule that “all payments going to Europe that are over $1M must be sent to a small bank on the Isle of Mann.” A data enrichmentprocedure might use a rule that “any Swiss bank payments where thebeneficiary is specified with a name should be replaced with a codedaccount number.” Or a screening procedure might use a rule that “anypayments to banks in Afghanistan where the beneficiary's last name isBin Laden should be flagged for review.”

Gateways 110 preferably include a standardized business rules API sothat business rules engines, conforming to this API, can be used. Aconformant business rules procedure with a corresponding rules editorcan be bundled with the gateway.

Data Enrichment

Data Enrichment involves the local insertion, update, or modification ofelements in raw messages or gateway messages. Data enrichment can beused to convert data from one format to another, such as by replacing anational account number with an IBAN. It can also be used to providedata not supplied in the message itself. This is especially useful inmoving data from one message format to another where the focus is onmoving a subset of data in the first message to data in the second.Further, data enrichment can improve the efficiency of messagetransmission. A full XML Message or payload need not be transferred aslong as through the effective use common content identifiers, dataenrichment can fill in the missing elements. This type of dataenrichment is useful when transmitting a binary form of a message thatis to be turned into an instance of an XML model in the gateway 110 forproper processing. Another desirable use of data enrichment is to handlea key part of lossless conversions, i.e., the reconstruction of datawhich has been down-mapped or down transformed.

Security Mechanisms

The gateway's security mechanisms focus on the integrity and persistenceof messages, data, and software. The focus of security in most othernetwork-oriented applications is transmission security. Since thegateway 110 relies on and wraps external message transports, it relieson these transports to provide transmission security, such as forpreventing interception of messages, man-in-the-middle attacks, etc. Thegateway security mechanisms, which focuses on data security, can ensureprivacy through encryption and ensure audit-ability through digitalsigning.

The Keystore

Each gateway 110 preferably includes a keystore, which is a storagelocation for securely keeping PKI certificates and private key pairs.Each gateway 110 keeps at least two current private key/public keycertificate pairs, one for encryption and one for digital signing. Themeaning of “current” is that the keys can be actively used and arevalid. Certificates normally expire after a period just like a driver'slicense. However, because the gateway 110 is concerned with security forpersisted data, its keystore must hold and manage all previous keypairs. As a result, persisted data can still be decrypted or its digitalsigning verified no matter how long it has been persisted. For example,by law, some persisted financial data must be readable and verifiablefor as long as 80 to 100 years after it is first recorded.

The private key/public keys can initially be generated by each gateway110 at initialization. As a default, the gateways 110 preferably do notrely on a certificate authority, so the generated public key certificateis not certified by a trusted third party. Certification involves atrusted third party digitally signing the certificate to authorize it.The security architecture in the gateway 110 allows for a hierarchy oftrusted third parties to authorize a certificate, so a federatedsecurity model can be implemented. At a minimum, if the gateway is partof a BTA that is supported by a Solution Provider, the Solution Providercan act as a trusted third party and authenticate a gateway'scertificates.

Security Policy Per Message Type

Message security can be managed by means of cryptographic policies foreach message type. These policies can also be shared among all gateways110 in a gateway network. These per message policies are preferablystored in a MsgInfo configuration section of the configuration file.

A cryptographic policy specifies a set of cryptographic actions that areperformed in sequence on a message. These actions include, for example,encrypting some payload elements or an entire payload entity, signingsome payload elements or an entire payload entity, and signing specificmessage header elements. Some header elements may not be able to beencrypted, such as elements in the security block.

When sending a message, the cryptographic actions specified in themessage type policy in the MsgInfo configuration section are executedjust before placing the message on a SEND Queue 920. For receiving amessage, a gateway 110 performs the same actions in the reverse orderjust after removing the message from a RECEIVE Queue 930.

Use of Encryption

Encryption is used to protect payload data or some sections of themessage header from unauthorized accessed by users while a message isbeing processed or while it is persisted. Public encryption is veryspecifically targeted to the holder of the private key that will be usedfor decryption. That means that one message may utilize a number ofencryption signatures as service elements along a transaction path todeny access to some content and, in rare cases, the receiver of themessage may need to be denied access to some elements that should onlybe available to a service. Instances may arise where the same payload isto be sent to many gateways. In that case, where individual encryptionof each message instance would be too inefficient, it is possible tocreate an encryption certificate for a set of gateways 110.

Use of Digital Signings

Digital signings are used to validate identity and to ensure contentintegrity. A digital signing contains the signing gateway's identity,and a hash of the content that is being signed, which is all encryptedby the private key of the signing gateway. Digital signings can behierarchical, i.e., the content that is signed can itself containdigital signatures. For example a time-stamp can be combined with adigital signature and that entity, itself, digitally signed to provide averifiable signing time to the original digital signature.

To establish a secure identity, all public key certificates aredigitally signed. These certificates contain a gateway's identity, itspublic key and other identifying information. Thus a gateway's identitycan be verified along with the verification that a public key doesbelong to that gateway.

Any set of elements in a message or payload can be digitally signed, asdefined by the cryptographic policy for that message. Digital signingswithin a Message will be persisted along with a message, since thesignatures are stored in the Security Header block of the message. Othergateway entities, such as data frames, can also be digitally signed.

Digital signings provide a useful audit-ability capability. Not only arethe signed records of a transaction persisted at one gateway, they willalso, most likely, be independently persisted at the other gateways thathave participated in the transactions. Since all transactions haveunique IDs, all information about a transaction can, if needed, beaggregated to produce a robust and complete record of a transaction.This is especially true to settle disputes and allow for non-repudiationof a transaction. In the discussion of data frames, a use of signed dataframes is presented that provides the most complete record of atransaction.

All the software modules (e.g., JAR files) used at runtime by a gateway110 can be digitally signed. When a gateway 110 is started, thesedigital signatures are checked, and if they are not validated, thegateway will not start. Checking these digital signatures effectivelymakes the gateway 110 tamperproof. In general, all customized modules,even if they are purely local, are preferably sent to a SolutionProvider so that they can be properly digitally signed.

Certificate Source

By default, certificates in the gateway network are self signed. Thatmeans that the chain of trust is only one deep, that one being aSolution Provider. However, any X509 certificate, e.g., from the GSAcertificate authority, can be used.

Privileges

Privileges determine what access rights external entities have on agateway's data store and meta-data store. These access rights includeRead, Add, Update, and Delete. The access rights can apply to thevarious sections of configuration data, to other components of themeta-data, and to data in the data store. Priviliges are applied whenrequest messages are received by the gateway from the external entities.A digital signature can ensure the secure identity of the requestingentity.

Entities that can make these requests are a gateway administration tool,when used by a local member administrator, other gateways, and a specialgateway that belongs to the Solution Provider. When a request requiresan access right, the sender's identity is checked against a privilegetable stored in the configuration data store. Privileges can bespecified, in order of precedence, for any individual gateway 110, aSolution Provider (there are some privileges that can only be granted tothe Solution Provider), a local entity (which is usually a request fromthe administration tool as exercised by a member administrator, theidentity of the member administrator being stored in the gateway'sconfiguration file), and a remote entity (which is usually anothergateway 110).

The following partial table provides an example of the scope ofprivileges.

SOLUTION_PROVIDER LOCAL REMOTE Admin READ ADD UPDATE DELETE READ READgatewayInfos READ ADD UPDATE DELETE READ READ Envelope READ ADD UPDATEDELETE READ READ FileSignatures READ ADD UPDATE DELETE READ READInstance Data READ READ ADD UPDATE DELETE READ InstancePlugins READ READADD UPDATE DELETE READ MapComponent READ ADD UPDATE DELETE READ READ

Primary Value of Gateway Security

These various security mechanisms for gateways 110, in the aggregate,provide an effective solution to the problem of managing private keysand certificates. The larger the number of participants in acollaborative network and the more diverse the environments for thoseparticipants, the more difficult it is to maintain a secure PKIenvironment. In PKI, private keys need to remain private. In addition,certificates expire, forcing renewal of certificates in a secure andauthenticated manner. The effort to manage certificates does not scalewell. Rather, it gets more costly and complicated the more certificatesneed to be issued. This is especially true if private keys are somehowextended to cover the identity of actual (human) users.

The gateway 110 provides a controlled, closed cross-enterpriseenvironment that has a consistent structure that is easy to manage wherethe number of private keys and certificates is limited to the number ofgateways 110 in the network. To accomplish this, the PKI mechanismsmaintained within the gateway 110 provide security and identificationfor the other players in the network, specifically human users and theuser applications 950 interacting with the gateways 110.

Security Signing Service

The gateway 110 provides security mechanisms to applications 950 througha service and API that it offers where an application 950 can get adataset encrypted or digitally signed using the gateway's key set. Thegateway 110 also provides a unique digital signing for an application950 when that application 950 is registered as a user of the gateway110. This digital signing can be used by other gateways 110 andapplications 950 to securely identify an application 950 that is thesource of payloads.

Digitally Signed Signatures

The gateway 110 provides security mechanisms associated with human usersof the system by providing identification through a digital signingessentially based on the user's actual signature. This digital signingcan then be used as a secure identification of the individual, whichprovides the ability to permanently associate data with an individual.This is very useful for audit-ability and for avoiding mistakes whendata, such as medical records, are associated with the wrong person.

Neither of the above mechanisms offers the full security that PKI-basedprivate keys and certificates offer. But this level of security is oftenunnecessary. In the few cases where it is required, full PKI key pairscan be issued.

Persistent Message Data Store

The gateway 110 preferably includes a local database for persistinginformation about transactions, messages and payloads. When taken inaggregate across all of the gateways in a gateway network, these localdatabases form a distributed data store.

Persisting Message Data

In standard processing, an IN-SEND unit of work first records a rawmessage it receives, and as a last step, it records the processedmessage. These messages are preferably permanently stored in the datastore as the last action of the queue resolver. This supports reliablemessaging so that, if anything happens during unit of work processing,there will not be any erroneous message content stored in the database.For RECEIVE-OUT units of work, the order is reversed. If desired, thesemessages can be signed. This means that there is a record of the rawmessage and the processed message so that it is clear what processingwas done by the gateway 110. Also, the state of a transaction as knownby a gateway 110 is updated in the data store, such as anacknowledgement being received that a sent message was successfullyreceived or the fact that a reply was received for a response message.These features can provide full transaction audit-ability.

Additional features of the gateway data store include, for example, theability to activate a number of breakpoints during unit of workprocessing where the state of a message can be stored. This featuremakes it possible to debug processing problems as they occur. In thedefinition of a message type, some fields in a structured payload can beidentified as key fields. These key fields can be extracted from amessage and stored in the data store to add in data querying.

Data Frames

When retrieving information from the data store, the gateway 110generates a data frame. A data frame is a set of messages along withassociated transaction data that is retrieved from the data store and/ora set of configuration meta-data.

Data Frame Content

The data frame, which is produced by processing a data frame request(query), can be delivered as a set of XML documents collected togetherinto a Zip file. These XML documents comprise, for example, retrievedmessages, including raw messages; all of the transaction data associatedwith messages; any logs concerning the processing of the includedmessages. There are also XML documents that describe and summarize thecontent of the data frame. Each of the XML documents in the data framecan be digitally signed, as well as the data frame itself, so anycontent changes can be detected.

Data Frame Request

A data frame request is preferably configured as an XML document thatspecifies the criteria for retrieving messages and their associatedtransaction data and specifies the criteria for retrieving configurationmeta-data form the data store. The data frame request can be created,for example, using the gateway administrative tool. A data frame requestcan be written in a syntax that is similar to the syntax used in a SQLWHERE clause, as the gateway 100 can actual convert the data framerequest into a SQL Query. Queries can include any defined key fields.Queries can include any transaction states, such as “Completed”transaction, “Failed” transactions, etc.

Separate query expressions can be prepared for production messages andthose messages that have been stored in the data store at internalbreakpoints. However, both query expressions can exist in the same dataframe request.

A data frame request XML document can be sent to a gateway as a messagewhere it is processed. The resulting data frame is then sent back to theapplication or gateway that requested it. Since data frame requests arepreferably implemented as XML documents, they can be used repeatedly. Asa result, it is easy to set up data frame requests to provide effectivemonitoring of the activities of a gateway 110. FIG. 14 shows asimplified output of such a monitoring activity.

Delivering a Data Frame

A data frame request is received by a gateway 110 either from anapplication 950 or from a remote gateway 111. When a gateway 110 hasexecuted the data frame request and produced a data frame, such as inthe form of a zip file, the gateway 111 sends a response messagetreating the data frame as an attachment. This action leverages theflexibility of attachments, informing the requestor of the size of thedata frame, allowing for the lazy reading of a data frame, as dataframes can get very large.

Archiving With Data Frames

There are three modes for processing a data frame request. The modediscussed above is to “copy” the information and produce the data frame.A second mode is to “cut” or delete the information that is used toproduce the data frame. The third mode is to “remote” the data byleaving the transaction information about a message in the data store,removing the message body, and replacing it with pointer to the dataframe that will contain it.

The cut method provides a means to archive data and persist it for along time. First of all, it removes data from the data store in aplanned and orderly fashion, keeping that data store at a manageablesize. The extracted data frames create a very usable archive of themessage traffic. Since the documents in a data frame are preferably inan XML format, they can be read long into the future without requiringany proprietary software, including that of a gateway 110 or any of itstools. If an archive of the signing gateway's public keys is kept, thenthe digital signatures on the content of the data frame can assure thatthe integrity of the archives is maintained.

Audit and Non-repudiation

Data frames are also useful to provide audit-ability and to providenon-repudiation of a transaction. All of the information concerning atransaction in a gateway's data store can be extracted and stored in adata frame, even including meta-data, that, for example, describe thesyntax rules for describes definitions of a message syntax. This dataframe can be digitally signed itself. Any information about atransaction at other gateways can also be extracted as signed dataframes. All of these data frames form a complete and accurate record ofa transaction that is audit-able and can be used for non-repudiation.

Configuration and State Data Store

Configuration and state data, which are stored in the data store, areused to control how a gateway 110 operates. This data is designed tomake a gateway 110 self-contained and remotely controllable, i.e., anyexpected changes in the behavior of a gateway 110 can be instituted bysending a message that updates some configuration values and the stateof the gateway 10 can be ascertained by querying state data.Configuration and state data can be queried and updated as long as therequester has the appropriate privileges. Also, a standard API can beprovided so that a software module running in the gateway 110 candirectly access this data. A set of administrative messages can also beprovided to add additional entities and parameters remotely to theconfiguration and state data as long as the sender has the appropriateprivileges.

Configuration Data

Configuration data includes configuration entities, such as maps,transactions definitions, schemas, queue definitions, routing templates,etc., which are stored in the gateway's data store. The declarativeconfiguration data contains all of the parameters to run the gateway110. Updating the configuration entities allows gateway behavior to bechanged without requiring recoding. Configuration entities can beupdated through administrative messages received by the gateway 110,typically in the form of a data frame. Most updates can be implementedthrough a “hot” update, i.e., the gateway 110 does not have to berestarted for the update to take effect. Gateways 110 can operate in aself contained mode where behavior changes are brought about by updatingconfiguration data through remote messaging, which essentially obviatesthe need for local access to a gateway 110 once it is up and running.

It is possible to set up a “static” BTA by providing all necessaryconfiguration data during the initialization process. Such a BTA canwork with client gateways without the need for any service nodes. Morecommonly, the Configuration data included at initialization can be justenough to get the gateway 110 running so that a full configuration datastore can be bootstrapped through messaging with a service that providesthe rest of the needed configuration data.

Configuration entities include the following:

Admin—The Admin configuration entity specifies information aboutadministrative transactions and messages.

GatewayInfos—The GatewayInfos configuration entity includes informationabout other gateways 110 in the gateway network with which a particulargateway 110 can exchange messages. It also includes information about aparticular gateway 110 that is exposed to other gateways 110 in thegateway network.

Header—The header configuration entity defines the processing thatoccurs within a gateway 110 for the header part of a gateway message. Itdefines the blocks that are required and optional within the header, aswell as the class that processes each block.

FileSignatures—The FileSignatures configuration entity can be used tosign one or more files associated with a configuration. When signing afile using this entity, the administration tool adds a file signature tothe configuration together with a reference to the signed file. Anychange in the file content can be detected.

InstanceData—The InstanceData configuration entity includes generaloptions for a gateway 110, including instance name (gateway name),timeouts, thread pool options, JMX options, and logging options.

InstancePlugins—The InstancePlugins configuration entity specifies theclasses used for the exception handler, OUT queue resolver, SEND queueresolver, local address resolver, network address resolver, and theSolution Provider instance name.

MapComponent—The MapComponent configuration entity includes certain XMLfiles associated with a map. It includes:

MAP file: The map file. Pointer to the other files associated with themap;

OM file: The object model. There is one OM file in a map;

XM files: An XML model. There can be multiple XML models in a map, onefor each schema; and

OXM files: A mapping between an XML model and the object model. Therecan be multiple mappings in a map.

MsgInfo—The MsgInfo configuration entity shows the payload block(s) of amessage. It also defines the cryptographic actions that are performed ona message.

OperationDefs—The OperationDefs configuration entity specifies classesand parameters for standard and custom operations.

OutQueueMaps—For each defined target application, the OutQueueMapsconfiguration entity specifies the local OUT queue target based onmessage type.

Privileges—The Privileges configuration entity sets access toconfiguration data and message data within the gateway network.

QueueDefs—The QueueDefs tab is used to set up gateway queues. Each queuethat is set up is initialized when the gateway 110 is started. IN, OUT,SEND, and RECEIVE queues can be defined.

RawFormatterDefs—The RawFormatterDefs configuration entity defines theraw formatters that are available.

Schema—Each schema used in a gateway network, whether for businessmessages, administrative messages, or system messages, is a Schemaconfiguration entity.

SendQueueMaps—The SendQueueMaps configuration entity controls howmessages are routed to SEND Queues 920 from the gateway 110.

SystemMsgDefs—The SystemMsgDefs configuration entity shows thenamespaces and content blocks for the system messages. System messagesinclude Receipts, Rejections, and Faults.

TargetAppInfos—The TargetAppInfos configuration entity defines thephysical address(es) to which messages associated with a particularapplication should be

TxnInfoFixed—The TxnInfoFixed configuration entity specifies the stepsthat will be taken for particular transaction types within a gateway110.

TxnInfoLocal—The TxnInfoLocal configuration entity specifies the stepsthat will be taken for particular transaction types within a gateway110.

State Data

The parameters and entities stored as state data provide a profile ofhow a gateway 110 is operating. For example, this can include quality ofservice parameters, tracking parameters like the total number ofmessages received, and, often, licensing parameters to ascertain“charges” due. State data will also can variables utilized for theprocessing of collections.

Gateway-based Business Transaction Application (BTA)

This section will present the general features of a Business TransactionApplication as facilitated by a set of gateways 110.

Serviced-Oriented Architecture

An SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) is a popular enterprisearchitecture. An SOA is a peer-to-peer network comprised of nodes thatcan usually be divided into client-nodes, which consume the processingdone within the SOA, and service nodes, which provide an identifiable,single-purpose function to support a process. The nodes are coupledtogether through a set of gateway/adapters that interface with anetwork. One view of an SOA stack is presented in the diagram below. Theadapter/gateways that service both client and service nodes operate in atrue peer-to-peer fashion. In all cases, the gateway 10 is interactingwith an application whether that application is a client or serviceapplication.

Composite Application

SOAs are typically focused on service nodes, creating “compositeapplications” out of existing applications. This involves wrappinglegacy applications with a new interface so they can be called as acomponent (or service) in that composite application, much likeindependent procedures are called in a traditional programming language.In this context, there are typically a very small number of clientnodes, such as a portal or a data warehouse. The adapter/gateways arefocused on wrapping applications with a Web Services interface, which isa standard for wrapping processes with a standardized remote procedurecall based on an XML standard. The process orchestration is done througha centralized business process monitor.

Business Transaction Application

Another use, and the original concept, for SOA networks is to performloosely coupled applications between client nodes. These BusinessTransaction Applications (BTAs), which are based on messaging usingdefined and often standardized messages, are structured to performspecific applications that involve the exchange of information betweenclient nodes. For example, the clearing and settling of payments betweenenterprises, the communication of information between differentfunctions within an enterprise, etc. BTAs have been facilitated in theinter-enterprise space by Value-Added Networks (VANs) and within anenterprise by Enterprise Service Buses (ESBs).

The gateway 110 enables the implementation of a modern BusinessTransaction Application. A gateway peer-to-peer network is designed tosupport a very large number of heterogeneous, new or legacy clientnodes. It treats client nodes as the true “users” within a BTA. Thegateway 10 functions without the requirement for any centralizedservices, such as a transaction processor or centralized database. Basicfunctions of the gateway network are distributed and carried out withineach gateway 10. In fact, a static gateway-based BTA can be set-up withno requirement for any services.

Services can be easily added to a gateway network, to add services tomanage the BTA and provide specific, needed functionality.

Because of its fully distributed nature, the gateway 10 effectivelysupports inter-enterprise BTAs, where many client nodes wish to transactwith many other client nodes and the maintenance of centralizedprocedures and services is more problematic. The gateway 110 alsoeffectively supports intra-enterprise applications when peer-to-peercommunication between client nodes is valued. This is especiallyapplicable if the IT topology reflects the merger and acquisition ofmany divisions.

Gateway Location and EAI Engines

Location Independence

The gateway 110 is preferably designed as a logical gateway thatprovides a peer-to-peer connection between applications to run aBusiness Transaction Application. A gateway 110 can be located in theneighborhood of the applications 950 that it serves. However, in manycases those in control of a neighborhood, e.g., an enterprise's internalIT department, may not want the responsibility or the risk of having thegateway 110 physically located in their neighborhood. The gateway 110 isconfigured so that it can operate remotely from the applications 950that it serving. This remote operation is possible as long as thenetworked connection between an application 950 and the abstract queuesthat service the application 950 is maintained. For example, the gateway110 for a number of user applications 950 in an inter-enterprise BTA canexist in an external server farm and not reside within the userapplication's enterprise space.

Gateway Seen as a Centralized Processor

When gateways 110 are collected together on one or a set of servers,they take on many of the characteristics of a more traditionalcentralized Transaction or EAI (Enterprise Application Integration)engine. When viewed as a centralized engine, the collection of gateways110 presents a profile with different benefits, which distinguish itfrom other transaction and EAI engines, such as a gateway's Chinese-wallprivacy features. This different profile may be attractive to particularmarket segments of the traditional centralized VAN, EAI and Transactionmarket. For example, it can be used for a one-to-many, hub and spokeconfiguration, where an enterprise wants to service many of itscounterparties (clients, suppliers, etc.) and flexibility for thegateway location is required.

Administrative Messages

The gateways 110 can communicate with each other through a set of“administrative” messages. These administration messages provide themechanism for exchanging internal information of all sorts. Someexamples of administrative messages include, for example, technicalacknowledgements from a receiving gateway to a sending gateway that amessage was received, a data frame request sent from a gateway to aremote gateway to retrieve information from the remote gateway datastore, and a simple ping to make sure that a gateway is “up.”Administrative messages make it possible to have a fully distributedsystem as they are used to implement coordinated activity in agateway-based BTA.

System Messages-Types

System messages are a class of administrative messages used tocommunicate information between a gateway 110 and a user application 950that it is serving. System messages can be placed on anyOUT/SEND/REPLYTO queue. One example of a system message-type is the“RECEIPT.” A RECEIPT is the technical acknowledgement that a message hasarrived at its destination. It is sent by the receiving gateway to thesending gateway. The RECEIPT makes it possible for the source userapplication 950 to know that a message has been received. Not allmessages require receipts. If one is required, the requirement will beconfigured in the message definition of that message type. If a RECEIPTis asked for and not received within a proscribed time, the sendinggateway can assume it has an error condition.

Other system message type includes the “REJECTION” and the “FAULT.” TheREJECTION reports expected error conditions to a user application 950,such as that a message violates constraints specified in a validationrule, etc. A FAULT reports unexpected error conditions, such as that amodule unexpectedly terminated its processing and throws an exception.

Administrative messages form the coordinating backbone of a BTA, so itis desirable that they are sent and received over a reliable messagetransport, which can be bundled with the gateway along with theappropriate SEND and RECEIVE abstract queues.

Creating Administrative and System Message Types

For both administrative and system messages, a new message can be easilyadded for those that have that privilege, which is usually a SolutionProvider. The mechanism for defining a new message combines the normaldesigner processes for defining a message with the mechanism fordefining an associated software module in a manner similar to themechanism used to define an associated software module for a customizedheader block as described previously.

Dynamic Complex Transactions

Defining a Complex Transaction

Complex Transactions involve multi-step transactions among multiple userapplications 950 in a BTA. For example, a merchant payment credit cardpayment may involve the following steps:

Merchant sends request for payment messages to its bank (Bank A) alongwith the customers bank ID (Bank B), and bank account and bank routingnumber;

Bank A sends notice of debit to Bank B;

Bank A bundles all request for payment messages into a batch file;

Bank A sends file to a clearing and settling agent;

Clearing and Settling agent nets out all debits and credits between BankA and Bank B;

Clearing and Settling agent notifies Bank A and Bank B that nettingtransaction is settled;

Bank B deducts payment from customer's account;

Bank B sends payment acknowledgement to bank A; and

Bank A send payment acknowledgement to merchant.

Complex transactions can have complicated process flows and can, inturn, trigger numerous other complex transactions, such as anauthorization or authentication actions.

Industry Approach

The industry norm is that these types of complex transactions arehandled by some centralized process monitoring service. In fact, thereare a couple of product classes that have emerged to deal with complextransactions—transaction monitors and business process monitors. Inthese systems, a central body such as a Solution Provider or standardsorganization is dictating the transaction flow for all users of thesystem. As a result, it can be difficult for users of a BTA to createcompetitive advantage, such as by doing things differently to give anenterprise a leg up on its competition, to respond to local marketrequirements, such as by adding a required step due to localregulations, or to respond quickly to changes in market conditions, suchas by introducing a new payment partner which has slightly differentrequirement.

Gateway's Dynamic Complex Transactions

The gateway 110 provides a dynamic mechanism for complex transactions.It allows enterprise users to define their own customized transactionswith effective transaction security, tracking and audit-ability. This isaccomplished by building complex transactions out of the two-types ofthe simple transactions, Transmission and Request/Reply, bound togetherwith a scripting language to define process flow. Since simpletransactions cover the two basic types of interaction needed in atransaction, any complex transaction can be built using defined simpletransactions. When a message arrives at a gateway 110, the gateway 110can ascertain what step in a complex transaction is next required byreferring to an enriched Routing Slip that describes the transaction andthe steps already accomplished. Since the execution of the current stepinvolves a defined simple transaction, the gateway 110 knows how toexecute the required step. In addition, since the state of a transactioncan be preserved simply by persisting a message, complex transactionscan be paused to allow associated transactions to be completed throughthe use of a simple push-down stack mechanism. Upon the successfulcompletion of associated transactions, the complex transaction can beresumed. This ability adds another level of dynamism to complextransactions while at the same time greatly simplifying thespecification of nested complex transactions.

Remote Data Queries

Looking at a BTA from a top-down perspective, the data store in eachgateway 110 becomes part of a distributed database. In order tocoordinate this distributed database and take advantage of its uniquefeatures, it is useful for at least one gateway 110 to be able toretrieve data from one or more remote gateways 110. This ability can beaccomplished by using data frame requests and data frames. Data framerequests are preferably created and stored as an XML document. There isan administrative Request/Response message that can carry a query as apayload. The receiving gateways executes the query and send back a Replyadministrative message with a data frame as an attachment. The receivinggateway checks its privileges to make sure that the requesting gatewayhas the right to execute the data frame request. If the query is deniedor if any other problem arises in executing the data frame requests,then the Reply will contain an explanatory payload. Data frame requestscan be sent to multiple gateways as a SET, so the requesting gatewaywill know when all requests have been fulfilled.

Since data frame requests are preferably stored XML documents, sendingthem remotely can be scheduled, which makes them useful for manymaintenance and monitoring activities over a set of gateways 110. Thisincludes querying message, configuration and state data, or updating anddeleting that data, if the sender has the appropriate privileges. Forexample, this includes data frame requests to remotely delete (cut) datafrom a database and archive it or to remotely update configuration data.All data frame requests and data frame responses can be signed, so thereis an auditable record of the information gathered. A tool, such as theadmin tool, can be used to create data frame requests and to displaydata frames. A number of useful parameterized data frame requeststemplates can also be provided in a library.

Audit-ability and Non-repudiation

The use of security features and data frames in a gateway networkprovides transaction audit-ability. Messages can be extracted on aperiodic basis through data frame requests, signed and archived. Signedinformation about any specific transaction can be gathered through localand remote data frame requests. These queries can include not only arecord of messages sent and received but also of all relevantconfiguration and state information, e.g., exactly what message typeschemas and maps were utilized, etc. All of this information can bedigitally signed with time stamps to provide powerful non-repudiation ofall aspects of the transaction.

The Full BTA—Gateway-Based Services Nodes

While a gateway 110 is designed to not require service nodes, a fullyeffective BTA can make use of many services. Some of these services areuseful for the smooth running, maintenance and enhancement of agateway-based BTA. These, in general will be provided by the vendor andmay be bundled with the product. Other services can be perceived to bemandatory for a particular BTA or class of BTAs. The Solution Provider,who is running that application, would add those services. There willalso be room for services that enhance the capabilities of a BTA. Thesemaybe added by the vendor, the Solution Provider or a Third-partyProvider. As long as any Provider properly utilizes a gateway 110 andintegrates a service into the Routing Slip of various transactions, theycan add a service to a BTA. Also any service can be replaced as long asthe messaging interface of the original is maintained or new messagetype properly defined and integrated into a BTA.

Roles in Running a BTA

To better understand how a gateway BTA operates, it is useful tounderstand the roles played by persons or organizations involved in aBTA. While there is a lot of flexibility in how a BTA can be set up andmanaged, there are some standard roles for people and organizations thatmay be assumed in designing the gateway to support BTAs.

Solution Provider

For any BTA, there is some entity in charge, that can take help calls,initialize the BTA network, provide on-going updates, and if it is aninter enterprise BTA, make money by running the BTA. This entity/rolecan be referred to as the Solution Provider. The existence of a SolutionProvider is a difference between gateway-based BTAs and transactionapplications that simply provide connections between applications overthe Internet.

Normally, there is one gateway in a BTA that is denoted as the SolutionProvider gateway. This gateway has the widest array of privileges andis, initially, the only gateway that can author a change in privilegesfor other nodes. All of its authored changes will be appropriatelysigned for security reasons. Solution Providers can delegate privilegesto other entities at their discretion.

Member Administrator

The Member Administrator role involves the ownership, maintenance andmanagement of the client-side of a gateway 110, i.e., the “local”processing, in a BTA. Member Administrators can be responsible for oneor more gateways 110. Since gateways 110 are all designed to operate ina self-contained manner, Member Administrators can interact remotelywith the gateways 110 in their purview. The Solution Provider creates aMember Administrator by creating an appropriate privileges group. TheMember Administrator can also delegate privileges.

Provided Central Services

The following is a listing of some preferable services bundled with agateway 110 to allow for the general management and maintenance of aBTA. Services are typically applications that will send raw messages,usually raw administrative messages to one or more gateways 110.

Admin Tool

The Admin Tool is the primary application used by Solution Provider orMember Administrator to bootstrap, maintain and monitor a gateway 110.Since the Admin Tool is an application, it can communicate with a localgateway (one for which it is registered) by sending a raw administrativemessage.

The Admin Tool can create, update and package all of the components of agateway 110, e.g., configuration data, maps, schema, software modules,etc. In many cases, the packaging of these components can be in the formof a data frame. The Admin Tool also can have a data frame editor thatcan be used to create data frame requests and to view data frames.

Gateway Deployment

The Admin Tool is used to create the set of files that are used toinitialize a gateway 110. Normally, the first gateway that must be setupis the Solution Provider gateway, as this is the gateway that hascontrolling privileges. Then a normal gateway installation will be donethrough a bootstrapping process. A “disk image” will be prepared thatincludes all the basic software modules and a minimum number ofmeta-data components to allow the new gateway to communicate with atleast one other gateway, in most cases the Solution Provider gateway.This package will include an installation program that instantiates thenew gateway. Once instantiated, the new gateway can acquire additionalmodules and data, usually from the Solution Provider gateway, anothercentral service or through a Member Administrator, to become fullyconfigured. The use of SETs and SEQUENCEs can support bootstrapping bymaking sure that all required messages are received.

Gateway Updates

All updates are created and packaged using the Admin Tool. In preparingupdates, including software modules, the Admin Tool can specify the setof gateways 110 to receive these updates. The Admin Tool's local gatewaywill send administrative messages to each target gateway. It can utilizedigital signing in sending the updates to verify their integrity. Thegateway 110 has a bundled SET process for executing updates using afuzzy two-phase commit scheme so that changes are only operational whena critical mass of target gateways have incorporated them.

Map Designer

The Map Designer is a separate application that creates, edits, andpackages transaction/message maps. These packaged maps are then pickedup by the Admin Tool for distribution. The Map Designer preferablyincludes the features of ObjectSpark, a product of FireStar anddescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,522,077, and 5,542,078, 5,937,402, and6,101,502.

Setting Network Topology

Normally, a gateway-based BTA will involve a dynamic set of gateways 110(new ones being added, existing ones being decommissioned, etc.), andtypically there will be an administrative entity that has responsibilityfor managing the BTA. That entity preferably knows the topology of thenetwork it is serving. Also, each gateway 110 preferably knows what setof remote gateways with which it can interact. There are two bundledservices that are provided to manage the topology of the BTA network.

Registration

A Registration Service keeps track of a profile of all the gateways 110in the BTA. When a gateway 110 is initialized or when its profilechanges, it sends an administrative Message to the Registration Service.As a last act, when a gateway 110 is removed from the BTA, theRegistration Service is also informed. The Registration Service isresponsible for providing a new gateway 110 with the addressconfigurations of the set of gateways 110 with which it can communicateand for informing an existing set of gateways 110 with the addressconfiguration of the new gateway 110. Also, the Registration Service caninclude, in effect, a schematic of the BTA's topology. This is usefulfor various maintenance and monitoring functions, such as forreconstructing a network where many nodes have been corrupted.

A basic Registration Service is bundled with the gateway 110 but thereare many options for a Solution Provider to provide their own service.The only constraint is that the raw messages being passed between theservice and its local gateway adhere to the standard raw administrativemessages that are defined for Registration. Included in this set of rawadministrative messages are a set of specific queries so that thenetwork topology can be explored.

Privileges

Privileges are a mechanism for refining the topology of a BTA network.The Registration Service and the registration information in a localgateway's configuration data store indicate the remote gateways withwhich a local gateway can communicate. The privileges in the localconfiguration data define what action and access remote gateways canperform in relationship to the local gateway with which they cancommunicate.

Normally, an initial set of privileges will be contained in the initialinstantiation of a gateway 110. These initial privileges will, at aminimum, allow a Solution Provider read/write access to much of thelocal gateway's meta-data. These initial privileges can also provideread/write access to a Member Administrator for certain sections of themeta-data and message data store, while denying similar write access tothe Solution Provider or any other remote gateway for those sections.This arrangement ensures that aspects of the data store will remainprivate. After the initial setup, Privileges can be updated through theappropriate administrative message.

Remote Maintenance and Monitoring

In a gateway network, all aspects of monitoring and maintenance,including bug tracking, can be done remotely. Maintenance that does notrequire human participation can handled through administrativemessaging. Normal maintenance activity includes, for example, updating agateway database, remote querying of the message database, etc. RemoteUI-based tools can be provided for maintenance activities that dorequire human participation. The remote monitoring and maintenancecapabilities are designed to work over diverse WAN networks such as thepublic Internet. For example, in addition to traditional active networkmonitoring mechanisms, gateways 110 support passive or reactivemechanisms in order to provide effective monitoring in a WAN.

Below are monitoring and maintenance capabilities that are bundled withthe gateway 110.

Viewer

The Viewer is a local UI-based application that can be embedded withevery gateway 110. It provides capabilities to monitor the processing ofa message within a gateway 110 and a testing framework to setupdebugging, tracing and testing scenarios. A browser-based remote accesstool can be bundled with the gateway 110 to provide the ability tooperte the Viewer remotely.

Active and Passive Monitoring

Active Monitoring

A set of administrative messages are provided to provide data for activemonitoring of gateway states. These range from simple pings to ascertainthat a gateway 110 is up to a set of canned data frame requests that canprovide an operational profile of a gateway 110. In order to providethis profile, there are a set of state variables that can be maintainedin the configuration data store that are consistently updated by a localgateway.

For certain operational problems within a gateway 110, the normalcommunication channels that utilize abstract queues may not work. Thereis a standard industry network monitoring and messaging channel that canbe accessed through a standard interface called JMX. This messagingstandard handles very simple, structured messages but is built to bevery robust. The gateway 110 preferably includes capabilities to handlea set of monitoring messages using the JMX interface. In addition toadding robustness and redundancy to monitoring a BTA, this JMX channelis useful because it is an industry standard, and the gateway JMXmessages can be incorporated into existing network monitoringfacilities. The use of JMX in a gateway-based BTA is primarily activemonitoring. Regular heartbeats are sent to a gateway 110 being monitoredto make sure that it is up and operating. Direct requests can be made ofa gateway 110 to make sure key components, such as each abstract queue,are also up and operating. A gateway-based BTA can bundle a monitoringconsole to display the results of JMX monitoring.

Reactive

Reactive monitoring also makes use of both standard administrativemessages and JMX. It differs from active monitoring as it relies onindirect detection of an error condition. For example, if the SEND Queue920 in a sending gateway gets an error message that it cannot reach thereceiving gateway, a message can be sent to a monitoring service thatthere is a possible problem. At that point, the monitoring service caninitiate active monitoring to investigate the problem

Store and Forward

A gateway 110 can offer special services to deal with either deliberateor accident situations in which a receiving gateway is not operating.For example, if a gateway 110 is not active but has requested theavailability of a “post office box,” then messages directed to it willautomatically be redirected to the store and forward service, whichholds the messages until the receiving gateway is up again and requestsits mail.

In accordance with the foregoing embodiments, a system and method forperforming message-based business processes among a plurality ofapplications, comprising receiving a gateway message at the gateway, thegateway message including a gateway message header and a payload, thegateway message header including a routing slip block providing atemplate of a complex transaction in which the gateway message isparticipating, the complex transaction comprising one or more simpletransactions performed in a defined order, persisting a copy of thereceived gateway message in a data store in the gateway, executing atthe gateway at least one simple transaction in accordance with thetemplate in the routing slip in the received gateway message, andpersisting a copy of the gateway message, after executing the at leastone simple transaction, in the data store.

Configuration data is stored in the data store in the gateway, theconfiguration data including information defining the one or more simpletransactions that can be performed by the gateway, wherein the at leastone simple transaction is executed in accordance with the informationdefining one or more simple transactions in the configuration datastored in the data store. The gateway message header further includes atransaction identification block providing an identifier of thetransaction in which the gateway message is participating.

A data frame request, which is a structured SQL query is received andapplied to the gateway data store, which stores messages. A data frameis generated comprising messages from the data store that are responsiveto the received data frame request, the data frame having a format thatis readable by a character editor. If configuration data and state datais stored in the data store, the data frame may further comprise atleast one of configuration data or state data from the data store thatis responsive to the data frame request. The at least one of theconfiguration data or the state data can be deleted from the data storethat are provided in the data frame. The messages can also be from thedata store that are provided in the data frame.

Each message includes a header and a payload. The payloads can bedeleted from the data store of the messages that are provided in thedata frame, and a reference is added to the data store of the data framehaving the payloads deleted from the data store. The data frame can beimported into the data store.

The data frame request can include the identifier, and the generateddata frame can include messages from the data store having theidentifier it the transaction identification block. A routing slip blockcan be referenced in at least one of the messages responsive to thereceived data frame request, and the data frame request is transmittedto a target gateway based on information in the routing slip block in atleast one of the messages responsive to the received data frame request.

The gateway message can include financial transaction data, medical orpatient data, security and access control data, compliance andregulatory data, or communication protocols and network data.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of theabove teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. Theembodiments (which can be practiced separately or in combination) werechosen and described in order to explain the principles of the inventionand as a practical application to enable one skilled in the art to makeand use the invention in various embodiments and with variousmodifications suited to the particular uses contemplated. It is intendedthat the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended heretoand their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for persisting information associatedwith performing message-based business processes among a plurality ofdifferent applications, comprising: receiving or sending a gatewaymessage at a gateway, the gateway message comprising a message headerand a payload, the message header comprising a history block and asecurity block, and the payload comprising payload information, whereinentries in the history block comprise at least two states, wherein theat least two states comprise a first state of processing a transactionand a second state of processing the transaction, wherein the firststate preceded the second state in the history of processing thetransaction, wherein entries in the security block comprise informationassociated with security of the message and indicating what is encryptedor digitally signed in the message and by which entity, and wherein theentries in the security block are not encrypted, persisting the entriesin the history block in a data store of the gateway; persisting theentries in the security block in the data store of the gateway; andpersisting the payload in the data store of the gateway.
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1, further comprising persisting configuration datain the data store in the gateway, the configuration data comprisinginformation defining one or more simple transactions that can beperformed by the gateway.
 3. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe message header further comprises a routing slip block providing atemplate of a complex transaction in which the gateway message isparticipating, the complex transaction comprising one or more simpletransactions performed in a defined order, the method furthercomprising: persisting the complex transaction template and associatedstate information about the complex transaction.
 4. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein the gateway message comprises financial transactiondata.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gateway messagecomprises medical or patient data.
 6. The method according to claim 1,wherein the gateway message comprises security and access control data.7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gateway messagecomprises compliance and regulatory data.
 8. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the gateway message comprises communication protocolsand network data.
 9. The method according to claim 1, furthercomprising: persisting the gateway message in temporary storage; whenthe gateway message was not received within a predetermined period oftime, resending the gateway message; when the gateway message wasreceived, waiting for a callback that indicates that the message wasreceived; and deleting the message from temporary storage.
 10. Themethod according to claim 1, further comprising: persisting a messagestate; and establishing a listener process to wait for a return from asub-process.
 11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:persisting any message that is to be transmitted from the gateway thatis associated with a simple transaction in which the gateway message isparticipating; and persisting information about a state of the simpletransaction; wherein the header of the received or sent gateway messagefurther comprises a transaction identification block which comprises anidentifier of the simple transaction.
 12. A gateway for persistinginformation associated with performing message-based business processesamong a plurality of different applications, comprising: a processor;and a memory, coupled to the processor, the memory comprising aplurality of instructions executed by the processor, the plurality ofinstructions configured to: receive or send a gateway message at thegateway, the gateway message comprising a message header and a payload,the message header comprising a history block and a security block, andthe payload comprising payload information, wherein entries in thehistory block comprises at least two states, wherein the at least twostates comprise a first state of processing a transaction and a secondstate of processing the transaction the first state preceded the secondstate in the history of processing the transaction, wherein entries inthe security block comprise information associated with security of themessage and indicating what is encrypted or digitally signed in themessage and by which entity, and wherein the entries in the securityblock are not encrypted, persist the entries in the history block in adata store of the gateway; persist the entries in the security block inthe data store of the gateway; and persist the payload information. 13.The gateway according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of instructionsare further configured to persist configuration data in the data storein the gateway, the configuration data comprising information definingone or more simple transactions that can be performed by the gateway.14. The gateway according to claim 12, wherein the message headerfurther comprises a routing slip block providing a template of a complextransaction in which the gateway message is participating, the complextransaction comprising one or more simple transactions performed in adefined order; and wherein the plurality of instructions are furtherconfigured to persist the complex transactions template and associatedstate information about the complex transaction.
 15. A gateway forperforming message-based business processes among a plurality ofdifferent applications, comprising: an abstract queue configured toreceive a gateway message at the gateway, the gateway message comprisinga message header and a payload, the message header comprising a historyblock and a security block, and the payload comprising payloadinformation, wherein entries in the history block comprise at least twostates, wherein the at least two states comprise a first state ofprocessing a transaction and a second state of processing thetransaction, wherein the first state preceded the second state in thehistory of processing the transaction, wherein entries in the securityblock comprise information associated with security of the message andindicating what is encrypted or digitally signed in the message and bywhich entity, and wherein the entries in the security block are notencrypted, a data store; and a processor configured to: persist theentries in the history block in the data store; persist the entries inthe security block in the data store; and persist the payloadinformation in the data store.
 16. The gateway according to claim 15,wherein the processor is further configured to persist configurationdata in the data store in the gateway, the configuration data comprisinginformation defining one or more simple transactions that can beperformed by the gateway.
 17. The gateway according to claim 15, whereinthe message header further comprises a routing slip block providing atemplate of a complex transaction in which the gateway message isparticipating, the complex transaction comprising one or more simpletransactions performed in a defined order; and wherein the processor isfurther configured to persist the complex transaction template andassociated state information about the complex transaction.
 18. Thegateway according to claim 15, wherein the data store stores informationnecessary for the gateway to operate.
 19. The gateway according to claim15, wherein the data store archives information stored in the gateway.20. The gateway according to claim 15, wherein the data store stores asignature with each gateway message to ensure data security.